CINCINNATI IN 1841: 



&' ^ 



EARLY ANNALS 



FUTURE PROSPECTS 



BY CHARLES CIST. 




CINCINNATI: 

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOR. 



1841. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1841, 

BY CHARLES CIST, 

In the Clerk's Office for the District Court of Oliio. 



Stereotyped by J. A. James, 
Cincinnati. 



E. Morgan & Co. 
Powej Press. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Fage. 

Topography 13 

Historical Sketches 14 

Boundaries and Divisions 29 

Climate 30 

Population 32 

Census of 1840 32 

Comparative Table 35 

Increase of Population — 38 

Elements of Population 38 

Dwelling-houses and Stores 40 

Occupations, Trades and Pursuits - 42 

Bar, Pulpit, Faculty, Literature, Science and the Fine Arts 42 

Commerce and Navigation 42 

Manufacturers and Mechanics 43 

Miscellaneous - 43 

Municipal Government 44 

Courts of Judicature 4^1 

Justices of the Peace 46 

Legislative and Executive Authority 46 

City Council 47 

City Officers 48 

County Officers 48 

Township Officers 48 

CoMlVLERCi: 49 

Chamber of Commerce 49 

Banks 50 

Insurance 52 

Manufactures and Industrial Products 54 

Meteorology - 59 

Temperature 59 

Winds 62 

Rain 63 

Weather 64 

Height of Barometer- 65 

Geology ----65 

Magnetism 70 

Terrestrial Magnetism at Cincinnati 73 

Canals, Railroads and Turnpikes 76 

Miami Canal 84 

Whitewater Canal 86 

Publications 93 

Churches and Religious Societies 96 

Charitable Institutions 99 

Orphan Asylums 99 

Commercial Hospital, and Lunatic Asylum of Ohio 101 

House of Employment for Female Poor 102 

Intelligence Office ----102 

iii 



IV TABLB OF CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Benevolent Societies 102 

Masonic Lodges 102 

Odd Fellows 104 

Savings Institution 107 

Science AND Literature 109 

Academy of JMatural Science 109 

Apprentices' Library 109 

Young Men's Mercantile Library Association 110 

Education Ill 

Common Schools Ill 

Private Schools 116 

Classical Schools 116 

Colleges - 116 

Theological Schools 118 

Law Schools 119 

College of Teachers 121 

Lane Seminary 122 

Medical College 125 

Ohio Mechanics' Institute 128 

Fine Arts 133 

Musical Societies 136 

Arts and Artists 137 

Portrait and Landscape Painters 139 

Miniature Painters 141 

Modelers and Sculptors 141 

Societies of the Fine Arts 141 

FmE Department 143 

Fire Association 143 

Fire Companies - 144 

Public Cisterns 145 

Fire Plugs 146 

Waterworks 147 

Steam-boats 150 

United States Offices 152 

Surveyor General 152 

Post Office 153 

Annals of Cincinnati 155 

Pioneer Sketches 195 

Census Sketches 233 

Manufactures 236 

Steam Vessels 252 

Our Schools 256 

Reverses of Fortune 260 

Publications 262 

Value of Property 263 

Improvements in Prospect or in Progress 268 

The Catholic Cathedral 269 

The Baptist Western Theological Institute 270 

Fuel --- 272 

Appendix 275 



PREFACE, 



I PRESUME that books may always be read to more 
advantage, if the reader be enabled to enter on the perusal 
with some general idea of their origin, design and cha- 
racter, and propose, therefore, in these prefatory remarks, 
to furnish this advantage to those who peruse these pages. 

The reports which I made through the Cincinnati pub- 
lic prints, of my progress in taking the census of this 
city for 1840, enlivened and illustrated as they were, with 
various observations and incidents springing from my offi- 
cial inquiries, proved of sufficient interest to induce their 
republication, in whole or in part, elsewhere, in different 
sections of the United States. When these census labors 
were finished, suggestions were made to me from various 
quarters, abroad and at home, that a volume prepared from 
the materials 1 had gathered in the fulfilment of my trust, 
which should embrace what was worthy of record res- 
pecting Cincinnati, would be acceptable, not merely in 
the city which it professed to describe, but at various 
points, particularly to the east, where Cincinnati had long 
been an object of attention and curiosity, and which sec- 
tion of country had always appeared greatly deficient ini' 
knowledge of our statistics, — ^local, moral, and political. 
It was alleged, that although much had been published 

in the eastern newspaper press respecting this place, it 

a2 V 



VI PREFACE. 

was partial and defective in its character, written by- 
strangers, whose limited time, and still more limited op- 
portunities, precluded them from seeing any thing but what 
lay on the surface, or, if the result of actual investiga- 
tion, confined to detached objects, and individual depart- 
ments of business. For these reasons, it was supposed 
no adequate impression had been made on the public mind 
in the Atlantic cities, in reference to the resources, bu- 
siness and prospects of Cincinnati. Under these repre- 
sentations, and ignorant of the difficulties which lay in my 
path, I decided on preparing " Cincinnati in 1841" for 
the press, and stated, that it would be ready for the public 
by the first of April ensuing. 

In consulting various persons, who, from their sounder 
judgment or pursuits in life, I deemed fit advisers as to 
the general scope and character of the proposed publi- 
cation, I discovered as many opinions, or shades of opin- 
ions, as there were individuals. It was thought by some, 
that the work should be principally historical, furnishing 
a narrative of the origin and settlement of Cincinnati, and 
the progress of the city to its present state of prosperity, 
with such notices of what I had observed in my census 
inquiries, as would be appropriate and interesting. Oth- 
ers, who supposed its main value to consist in its being 
a book of reference, were for confining it to statistical in- 
formation, with such general inferences and illustrations, 
as the subject would suggest. Another class proposed that 
it should form a record of the antiquities of the place, 
with the biography of the early settlers ; and a portion 
of my advisers — as numerous, probably, as any others, — 
suggested, that Cincinnati being known well enough at 



PREFACE. YU 

home, the great object should be to prepare a mass of 
information suitable for strangers, and enable many per- 
sons who are constantly receiving inquiries respecting the 
city, either by transmitting the book, or making use of 
the knowledge it should impart, to answer them to ad- 
vantage. It may serve to give a lively impression of the 
diversity of views which appeared to prevail on this sub- 
ject, that I received as contributions to these pages, an 
elaborate essay on the militia system ; an article on the 
condition and character of our colored population ; a sketch 
of the evils of penitentiary industry ; a chapter on the 
horse-jockeys in Cincinnati, and a disquisition on the va- 
rious breeds of hogs. With the desire to conciliate and 
harmonise, as far as possible, such clashing and discordant 
opinions, these pages have been compiled for publication. 
But my embarrassments in the choice of my subjects, 
hardly equaled the difficulty in the undertaking itself. It 
was expected, — and by those not familiar with the em- 
ployment, — naturally enough, that my census labors pre- 
sented me with the materials of the very kind, and in 
the very shape, for the proposed enterprise. But the 
fact was, that the business statistics were under some 
twelve or fifteen heads, in the returns to the depart- 
ment of state ; made out under what I conceived a very 
defective arrangement ; entirely deficient, too, in details ; 
and, if used in that state, would have been perfectly un- 
satisfactory to the community. In short, to a great extent, 
I had again to take my manufacturing statistics, in order 
to bring them into the shape required for this use. Of 
the consumption of time in preparing these pages, some 
idea may be formed when I state, that the table of man- 



VlU PREFACE. 

ufactures, &c., occupying but five pages, from 54 to 58, 
of " Cincinnati in 1841," cost me almost two months, 
in accumulating the details alone. 

On the other hand, I knew that a work of this kind, 
to fulfil, in any just degree, the expectations it raised, 
must make its appearance within a reasonable period, and 
before the information it should afford might be present- 
ed in other channels to the public ; and thus, with but 
four months' time for preparing this work, which most 
persons would probably think ample space for the pur- 
pose, I have found myself hurried in my employment, to 
a degree which must account for, if it may not excuse, 
that want of order in arrangement, and those defects in 
composition, which greater leisure would have corrected. 

After all, blemishes in style and forms of expression, 
are of secondary importance in works of this kind ; and 
I trust it will be found that the weightier matters of 
fact and figures, which were gathered with deliberate 
care, and finished before the haste of composition occur- 
red, will be found as accurate as first attempts usually 
can be made. These pages will serve beyond the present 
purpose, at any rate, as a nucleus around which to gath- 
er the later details and incidents of a subsequent enter- 
prise, and enable the projector to avail himself of advan- 
tages, and avoid faults which occur to the eye in the 
condensed form of print, but escape notice in the wide 
range of manuscript papers and tables. 

Most of the defects, however, which exist in this pub- 
lication, result principally from the attempt to embrace a 
variety too great to receive justice in a volume of three 
hundred pages. It was this diflUculty which constrained 



PREFACE. IX 

me to reduce my manufacturing notices to a meagre sketch 
of a few establishments, and to exclude many valuable 
statistics well calculated to illustrate the objects of the 
work. If, on these accounts, I shall fail in fulfilling pub- 
lic expectation, my apology must be, a desire to accom- 
modate all views and gratify every taste, together with my 
want of that experience in this line, which would have 
taught me the consequences. 

Of the value of what properly may be termed in these 
pages, mine, it does not become me to speak ; but I may 
be permitted to say, that the articles by professor Locke, on 
geology and magnetism, and on meteorology, by professor 
Ray, of the Ohio Medical, and Woodward colleges, will 
commend themselves on their face, as contributions of no 
ordinary value in the statistics of science to Europe and 
to our Atlantic cities. Nor to the larger class interested 
in those subjects, will the condensed, but still comprehen- 
sive views of our canals, rail-roads and turnpikes, and of 
our schools and colleges, from the pen of E. D. Mans- 
field, familiar for years with these, among other statistics, 
prove of less value and interest. As respects other indi- 
viduals, too numerous to specify or even recollect, who 
have supplied me with materials, I shall only say, that 
I have obtained all my information from the fountain head 
in every department of art, business, or science. A por- 
tion has been gathered from existing publications, which 
furnished me with a large share of my historical sketch- 
es. For these, as I know not the authors, I can not 
make more direct acknowledgments. 

I feel it my duty to call the attention of the reader 
to the article in the Appendix marked A. It presents a 



X PREFACE. 

clear, a startling, and I will take the responsibility of 
adding, an unanswerable argument on an interesting sub- 
ject,— the future destinies of Cincinnati, — and reconciles ' 
me to the necessity of shutting out, for want of space, an 
article I had prepared on the prospects before us. It will 
be seen by the intelligent reader, to be exactly that saga- 
cious and far-reaching view of the future, which is justified 
by the past and the present ; but which those will ridicule, 
who can not appreciate its force and value. All I ask, is, 
let any man, who thinks himself able, frame even a plans- 
ible reply to it. Not a feature in its anticipations is bolder 
than were considered, here and abroad, the predictions 
of men still living, who went no farther than to assert 
that the younger race present, would see steam-boats bring- 
ing freight up from New Orleans, as loiu as two dol- 
lars per hundred lbs. ; that the day would come, when it 
would take as many as twenty steam-boats, of as much 
as one hundred tons burthen each, to do the ivhole bu- 
siness of St. Louis, Louisville, Pittsburg and Cincinnati ; 
that the mails would be brought from the eastern cities 
to this place, in twelve days ; and that property would 
be sold on Main street, as high as one hundred dollars 
per front foot. These were the visionaries of those days, 
who, but for their saneness in other things, and general 
standing in society, would have been treated with silent 
contempt, or thought fitted only for straight-jackets: and 
yet how tame and feeble was their highest flight, com- 
pared with the sober realities, not which were left to their 
children to behold, but which they lived to see extended 
ten, twenty and thirty-fold beyond what they had the sa- 
gacity to foresee and the boldness to assert. Such has 



PREFACE. XI 

been the progress of the west — Cincinnati transcendantly 
— that if the anticipations of J. W. Scott, of Maumee ci- 
ty, the writer of this article, be not fulfilled, it will be 
the first case of the kind, which has not been accom- 
plished far beyond the measure, and far within the date, 
for which calculations have been made. 

Many of the facts and illustrations of our business, re- 
sources, improvements, &c., are of such novelty and im- 
portance, as will probably startle even our own citizens. 
That a state of things should exist, of which numbers 
here are unconscious, will not, however, surprise those 
who reflect, that in this hive of productive industry of 
ours, as almost every where else, such is the engrossing 
nature of the avocations of life, that most persons are 
interested in, and familiar with little else than passes un- 
der their immediate notice, and lies in the path of their 
appropriate pursuits. Still they know that while they are 
busy, their neighbors are not idle ; and, although they 
may not be familiar with the nature and extent of these 
employments, they will confide in statements made by 
one who has been long known to them as not likely to 
deceive, or to be himself deceived by others. I feel, 
therefore, that the community here will not dispute the 
facts and inferences of this volume, and am prepared for, 
as I anticipate, all that the ignorance or rivalry of other 
places may suggest, in doubts or denials. 

Such as it is, " Cincinnati in 1841" is now committed 
to the winds and waves of public sentiment. 
April 1st. 1841. 



CINCINNATI IN 1841 



TOPOGRAPHY. 



Cincinnati, the largest city of the west, is situated in a 
gradual bend of the Ohio river, on its northern bank, and im- 
mediately opposite Newport and Covington, Kentucky. Its 
latitude was determined by colonel Jared Mansfield in his 
topographical surveys, 39° 6' 30" north, and its longitude 7° 
24' 45" west. It is nearly central between Pittsburg at the 
head of the Ohio, and Cairo at the junction of that river with 
the Mississipi, being about 465 miles from each point. Its 
distance by land traveling is — from Columbus 115; Indiana- 
polis 120 ; Lexington 90 ; Nashville 270, and Pittsburg 298 
miles. By steamboat conveyance — from Louisville 138, St. 
Louis 655, Natchez 1335, and New Orleans 1631 miles. By 
stage route it is 502 miles from Washington, 518 from Balti- 
more, 617 from Philadelphia, and, via Lake Erie and the Erie 
canal, 650 miles from New York. 

The upper plane of Cincinnati is 540 feet above tide water 
at Albany, and 25 feet below the level of Lake Erie : low 
water mark of the Ohio river here being 432 feet above tide 
water at Albany or 133 feet below Lake Erie. The descent 
of the upper part of Cincinnati to low water mark is therefore 
108 feet. The city is almost in the eastern extremity of a 
valley of about twelve miles in circumference, perhaps the 
most delightful and extensive on the borders of the Ohio 
The platform of the city is composed of two parts, the second 

B 13 



14 HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 

table rising considerably above the level of the first, affording, 
under a regular system of city gi-ading, that desirable medium 
of slope M'hich permits the drainage to pass off freely, while 
it affords from the city landing an easy ascent. 

The hills which surround this extensive valley, present to 
the eye of the beholder one continued ridge, irregularly eleva- 
ted, and of diversified configurations. They exhibit, under 
no circumstances, an aspect of gi'andeur; but are always 
beautiful and picturesque. Their average elevation above the 
plain, is about three hundred feet ; and, instead of the bold 
and rocky declivities, which characterize \he freestone regions 
of the Ohio, they present gentle and varying slopes, which 
are mostly covered with native forest trees. The aspect of 
the valley from the surrounding hills is highly beautiful. It 
is various in its character, as it is seen at different seasons, 
and from different points.* In approaching Cincinnati by 
water, whether ascending or descending the river, the view 
is neither extensive nor commanding. 



HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 

The Miami country, on whose Ohio river front this city is 
nearly a central point, was early known to the whites and an 
object of admiration for its great fertility. In 1751, Christo- 
pher Gist, agent for the old English Ohio company, explored 
the Great Miami river about one hundred miles, and in 1752, 



* One of the views most worthy, perhaps, of attention, may be had at an 
early hour on one of the foggy mornings of August, or September. A spec- 
tator, under such circumstances, placed upon one of these hills, will find 
himself elevated quite above the dense vapors of the river : he will behold 
the sun rising free from all obscurity, while the plain below him is lost in 
one unbroken sheet of fog, presenting the appearance of an unruffled lake. 
As soon, however, as the rays of the sun fall less obliquely upon this ex- 
panse of vapor, it dissipates, and assuming the appearance of fleecy clouds, 
passes away to rarer regions, gradually disclosing the city, the river, the vil- 
lages, the numerous steamboats, and all the various objects of the valley. 

f 



HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 15 

the English had built a fort or trading station among the Piank- 
ashaws, a tribe of the Twigtwees or Miamis, whose hunt- 
ing grounds were in the adjacent region on what is now called 
Loramie's creek, 47 miles north of Dayton. This post was 
attacked and taken by the French in the course of the same 
year. The Miami valleys were subsequently examined by 
Daniel Boone while captive to the Shawanees in 1778, and 
by the war parties which Bowman and Clark led against the 
Indians on the Little Miami and Mad rivers. But Kentucky 
at this period Avas barely able to maintain its own various sta- 
tions or posts, and had neither leisure nor men to spare for 
effecting a lodgment in the neighborhood of this tribe of In- 
dians, already well known to be one of the most efficient and 
inveterate enemies of the Kentucky settlers. Treaties with 
the various savage tribes having been made or renewed in 
1784, 1785 and 1786, by which the country upon the Mus- 
kingum, Scioto and the Miamis was ceded to the whites; 
among others whose attention was directed to the settlement 
of the new country was Benjamin Stites of Redstone — now 
Brownsville — Pennsylvania. He visited New York to pur- 
chase from congress for himself and associates, a tract on the 
Miamis, and there proposed to John Cleves Symmes, a mem- 
ber of congress from New Jersey, to unite in the enterprize, 
relying probably on his official influence to effect the pur- 
chase. Mr. Symmes decided on seeing the countiy before 
entering into any contract, and on his return completed the 
arrangement in his own name. The tract thus purchased was 
supposed to contain one million acres of land upon the Ohio, 
and lying between the Miamis. On actual survey, however, 
this extent was reduced to less than six hundred thousand 
acres. Of this purchase ten thousand acres at the mouth of 
the Little Miami were shortly after sold by the patentee to Mr. 
Stites, and in January, 1788, the entire section No. 18 in the 
fourth township and first fractional range, and the fraction No. 
17 lying between it and the river were purchased by Matthias 
Denman of New Jersey. These, with the fractional section 



16 HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 

No. 12 in the same township and range, compose the present 
site of Cincinnati. 

In the summer of 1788, several emigrating parties left New 
York and New Jersey, for the settlement of the "new pur- 
chase," as it was called. Among these was Denman and his 
associates, who reached Maysville^ — then Limestone — Ken- 
tucky, in August, and an arrangement was entered into there 
between Denman, colonel Robert Patterson and John Filson of 
Lexington, by which the three became jointly interested in the 
project of laying out a town and establishing a ferry opposite 
the mouth of Licking, being the ground purchased by Den- 
man. The old Indian war-path from the British garrison at 
Detroit crossed the Ohio at this point, which was also the usu- 
al avenue by which the savages on the northern side of the 
Ohio approached the Kentucky stations. 

As an inducement to settlers the new proprietors agreed to 
give an in lot six rods by twelve, being nearly half an acre, 
and an out lot, being an entire square in the plat and about 
four acres in extent, to each of the first settlers, on condition 
of their making certain improvements to promote the growth 
of the place. 

The proprietors took possession accordingly in the latter part 
of September, 1788. On this occasion among others who came 
to see the country or to settle in it, were Symmes, Israel Lud- 
%w and others. They here separated, — Symmes, Patterson 
and Filson, with a part of the company, going farther back 
from the river to examine the country, while Denman with 
Ludlow, who was a surveyor, and a few others, followed the 
meanders of the Ohio between the Miami rivers and up the 
Great Miami about ten miles. Three days being thus spent, 
the two companies met on the site of the future Cincinnati, 
when it was found that Filson was missing. He was never 
heard of afterwards, and had doubtless been surprised and 
killed by Indians. 

The Denman party then returned to Limestone, where a 
new agreement was made in October, to which Ludlow be- 



HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 17 

came a party in Filson's place, and was besides empowered 
to act as agent for the others in all things relating to the town. 
The plat of the proposed town was made at this time, dedi- 
cating for religious and municipal uses the square between 4th 
and 5th and Main and Walnut streets, and for public purpo- 
ses, what now constitutes the city landing, reserving only to 
the proprietors in this last grant, a ferry-right. Denman re- 
turned at once to New Jersey, and Patterson soon after to Ken- 
tucky, leaving the new settlement in the hands of Ludlow. 
Some few years afterwards, Joel Williams purchased the re- 
maining interest of Matthias Denman, as did Samuel Free- 
man that of Patterson; and the proprietors, for the first time, 
were noAv all residents of Cincinnati. 

On the 28th December 1788,* Israel Ludlow, with about 
twenty other persons, landed and commenced a settlement. 
They erected three or four log cabins, the first of which was 
built on Front, east of and near Main street ; and in the course 
of January following was completed the survey and laying oflf 
of the town, then covered with sycamore and sugar trees in 
the first or lower table, and beech and oak upon the upper or 
second table. Through this dense forest the streets were laid 
out, their corners being marked upon the trees. This survey 
extended from Eastern-row, now Broadway, to Western-row, 
and from the river as far as to Northern-row, now Seventh 
street. The population of the place had become by this time 
eleven families, besides twenty -four unmarried men dwelling 

* It is not possible, amidst varying and conflicting testimony, to arrive at 
certainty as respects this date. Israel Ludlow and colonel Patterson, in 
their deposition in a chancery case years afterwards, state that they landed 
opposite the mouth of Licking in the month of January, 1789 ; while Wil- 
liam McMillen, one of the same party and a very intelligent man, testifies 
in the same case, " that he was one of those who formed the settlement of 
Cincinnati, on the 28th of December, 1788." Mr. Denman, in the case 
" Lessee of the city of Cincinnati vs. First Presbyterian Church," speaks of 
the settlement as having occurred late in December, 1788. It is agreed by 
all, that the party left Limestone on the 24th December, and the fact that 
the river was full of ice at the time, renders all conclusions founded on pro- 
bability unavailable. 

b2 



18 HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 

in about twenty cabins, principally adjacent to the present 
landing. The larger part of the trees in the bottom between 
Walnut street and Broadway were cut down, but remained on 
the ground for several years. 

At this period an abundant supply of game and fish made 
good the failure of the provisions brought by the settlers. 
The Indians, although unfriendly, had as yet committed no 
hostilities or even depredations. 

About the first of June, 1789, Major Doughty arrived with 
140 men from Fort Harmar on the Muskingum and built four 
block-houses nearly opposite the mouth of Licking. When 
these were finished, within a lot of fifteen acres reserved by 
the United States and immediately on the line of Third street 
between Broadway and Lawrence street, he commenced the 
construction of Fort Washington. This building, of a square 
form, was simply a fortification of logs hewed and squared, 
each side about one hundred and eighty feet in length, formed 
into barracks two stories high. It was connected at the cor- 
ners by high pickets with bastions or block-houses, also of 
hewed logs, and projecting about ten feet in front of each side 
of the fort, so that the cannon placed within them could be 
brought to rake the walls. At the centre of the south side, or 
front of the fort was the principal gateway, a passage through 
this line of barracks about twelve feet wide and ten feet high 
secured by strong wooden doors of similar dimensions. As 
an appendage to the fort, on its north side and enclosed wdth 
high palisades extending from its north-east and north-west 
corners to a block-house, was a small triangular space in 
which were shops for the accommodation of the artificers. 
Extending along the whole front of the fort was a fine espla- 
nade about eighty feet wide and enclosed with a handsome 
paling on the brow of the bank, the descent from which to the 
lower bottom was sloping about thirty feet. The exterior of 
the fort was whitewashed and at a short distance presented a 
handsome and imposing appearance. On the eastern side 
were the officers' gardens finely cultivated, ornamented with 



HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 19 

handsome summer-houses, and yielding in their season abun- 
dance of vegetables. The site of this building is that part of 
Third street opposite the Bazaar, now Mechanic's Institute, 
and extending an average breadth of about sixty feet beyond 
the line of the street on both sides. 

Fort Washington was completed by November. On the 
29th of the succeeding month, general Harmar amved with 
300 men and took possession of it. 

In the course of this year, several log houses, and one 
frame, were built; and some of the out lots, north of Seventh 
street, cleared. The legal title to the ground on which the 
town was built, being still in John Cleves Symmes, the pa- 
tentee, all the deeds for the original in and out lots, were made 
in his name. In 1790, the lots, on fractional section No. 12, 
were laid out by Mr. Symmes, as an addition to the town 
plat. General Arthur St. Clair, at this time, was the gover- 
nor of the north-western territory, and, in January, 1790, 
arrived at the village for the purpose of organizing the coun- 
ty, which, at the suggestion of Mr. Symmes, was called Ham- 
ilton, in compliment to the then secretary of the treasury. 
This county covered, it is believed, the whole territory west 
of the Muskingum ; and Cincinnati was then, as it ever since 
has been, its seat of justice. The town had an increase of 
forty families this year, and about as many cabins were erect- 
ed; two frame buildings were also added, during the same 
time. Fifteen or twenty of the inhabitants were killed by the 
Indians, in the course of 1790. The increase at Columbia, 
near the Little Miami, was rather greater, and a new station 
called Colrain, 17 miles north-west of Cincinnati, on the Great 
Miami, was laid out. Four or five other stations around the 
village, and generally within five or six miles, were also erect- 
ed. At these places general Harmar stationed a few regulars 
for their defence. The Indians were constantly prowling 
around the neighborhood, and those who ventured outside 
their forts, did it at the peril of their lives. 
. All his preparations for a northern campaign having now 



20 HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 

become completed, general Harmar commenced his march 
from Fort Washington on the 30th September, with three hun- 
dred and twenty regulars, and eight hundred and thirty-three 
militia from Kentucky and Pennsylvania. In four days the 
army reached the Indian town Chillicothe, on the Little Mia- 
mi, sixty miles from Cincinnati. The principal object of 
general Harmar, was to destroy the Maumee fort and village 
at the confluence of the St. Mary and St. Joseph's ; and, 
learning that the enemy had concentrated their forces at this 
post, despatched colonel Todd to Kentucky for a further sup- 
ply of troops. In a few days, six hundred volunteers joined 
the army. Harmar then proceeded to Fort Loramie, about fif- 
ty miles, and marched within a few miles of the Maumee fort. 
Here he encamped, sending forward colonel Hardin with a 
detachment of four hundred and eighty men, with orders to 
surprise the enemy by night and storm the fort. When the 
detachment arrived, they found the fort and village abandoned. 
These they set on fire. The main body arriving, they push- 
ed on to another Indian post on the St. Mary's, three miles 
distant. Colonel Hardin moved forward with his corps to re- 
connoitre, and the Indians, who were lying in covert near the 
borders of a prairie through Avhich the troops had to pass, 
suddenly attacked the detachment, with such impetuosity as 
to break its ranks. Great numbers were killed in the action, 
and also in their retreat to the main body. General Harmar, 
next morning, gave orders for the army to return to Fort 
Washington, and after a march of eight miles, halted for the 
night. Here colonel Hardin, desirous of retrieving the mis- 
fortimes of the day, solicited and obtained permission of the 
commander-in-chief, once more to give the enemy battle. He 
returned next day to the site of Maumee town, with six hun- 
dred militia, and sixty regulars. On their approach, the In- 
dians retreated. A severe battle ensued, in which the enemy 
was driven across the St. Joseph. Major Fountain, pierced 
with eighteen balls, and colonel Willis, two brave officers, 
were amonff the slain. The detachment then returned to 



HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 21 

the main body, and the next morning the army resumed its 
march. The Indians followed in sight of the army, almost to 
Fort Washington, without, however, committing any serious 
depredations. 

On the 8th of January, 1791, John S. Wallace, John Sloane, 
Abner Hunt, and a Mr. Cunningham, who were exploring 
the country west of the Great Miami, fell in with a large 
body of Indians : Cunningham was killed, and Hunt taken ; 
the other two escaped to the station at Colrain. This station 
consisted of fourteen inhabitants, under the protection of colo- 
nel Kingsbury, with a detachment of eighteen regulars. On 
the morning of the 10th, the Indians, about three hundred in 
number, made their appearance before the station, and de- 
manded a surrender, which was promptly refused. A fire was 
instantly commenced from the garrison, and returned by the 
Indians. An express was sent to Cincinnati, for a reinforce- 
ment. Captain Truman, with thirty regulars and thirty-three 
volunteers, reached the station next morning about 10 o'clock ; 
but before he arrived the Indians, who had continued the at- 
tack until about 9 o'clock of the same day, had departed. 
Hunt, who had three days before been taken by the Indians, 
was found a short distance from the station, with his legs and 
arms extended and fastened to the ground — his head scalped, 
his body mangled, and a blazing fire-brand placed in his bow- 
els. During the attack, the bullets in the garrison being ex- 
pended, the women supplied the deficiency by melting their 
spoons and plates, and casting them into balls. 

Various attempts to negociate with the Indians were resort- 
ed to ; but having all failed, another body of troops, under the 
command of general St. Clair, was raised for the defence of 
the frontiers. St. Clair, after repairing to Lexington to obtain 
the assistance of the Kentucky militia, reached Cincinnati on 
the 15th May, 1791. His expedition against the Indians was 
protracted till late in the season, by the slowness with which 
recruits were raised ; their delay in descending the Ohio, in 
consequence of low water ; and, as it was alleged, an unpar- 



23 HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 

donable negligence of the quarter-master and commissary de- 
partments. On the 7th of August, all the troops which had 
arrived, except the artificers, and a small garrison for the fort, 
moved to Ludlow's station, six miles north of Cincinnati, in 
order to obtain forage from the woods, which was entirely- 
consumed about Fort Washington, and to await the arrival of 
the troops which were expected. The army, amounting to 
two thousand and three hundred non-commissioned officers 
and privates, moved from Ludlow's station on the 17th of Sep- 
tember to the Great Miami, where they erected Fort Hamil- 
ton. Having placed a small garrison in the fort, the army 
then proceeded on its march, and, by the 12th of October, 
reached the site, where they built Fort Jefferson, about forty 
miles north of Fort Hamilton. These posts were intended as 
places of deposit and of security, either for convoys of pro- 
visions which might follow the army, or for the army itself, 
should any disaster befall it. 

On the 14th, the army, consisting of seventeen hundred 
non-commissioned officers and privates fit for duty, again com- 
menced its march, with not more than three days' supply of 
flour. Many of the horses died for want of forage, and on 
the 31st, sixty of the Kentucky militia deserted in a body. 

On the 3d of November the army reached a creek, fifty 
miles from the Miami villages, and encamped on a command- 
ing piece of ground in two lines, having the creek in front. 
The right wing, composed of Butler's, Clark's and Patterson's 
battalions, commanded by general Butler, formed the first 
line ; the left, consisting of Bedinger's and Guthrie's battalions 
and the second regiment, commanded by colonel Darke, form- 
ed the second line. The right flank was supposed to be se- 
cured by the creek, by a steep bank, and a small corps of 
troops. Some of their cavalry and their pickets covered the 
left flank. The militia were placed over the creek about a 
quarter of a mile in advance, and encamped in the same order. 
At this place the general determined to throw up a slight 
work for the security of the baggage, and, when joined by 



HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 23 

major Hamtramck, who had been detached to protect the con- 
voys of provisions and prevent further desertion, to proceed 
immediately to the Miami villages. But both these designs 
were defeated. For next morning, about half an hour before 
sunrise, an attack Avas made upon the militia, who very soon 
gave way, and rushing into the camp through major Butler's 
battalion, threw it into great confusion. The greatest exer- 
tions of the officers were ineffectual to restore order. The 
Indians pursued the flying militia, and attacked the right wing 
with great fury. The fire, however, of the first line for a few 
minutes checked them, but almost instantly, a much heavier 
attack began upon that line, and shortly was extended to the 
second. The great weight of it was directed against the cen- 
tre of each, where the artillery was placed and from which 
the men were repeatedly driven with great slaughter. Find- 
ing no great eff'ect from the fire, and confusion beginning to 
spread, from the great numbers falling in every quarter, it be- 
came necessary to try the effect of the bayonet. Accordingly 
colonel Darke with part of the second line, was ordered to 
charge the left flank of the enemy, which he executed with 
great spirit. The Indians instantly gave way, and were driv- 
en back three or four hundred yards ; but for want of a suffi- 
cient number of riflemen to pursue this advantage, colonel 
Darke soon returned, and in turn was obliged to give way. At 
that moment the enemy entered the camp by the left flank, 
having pushed back the troops that were posted there. Seve- 
ral charges were then made with uniform success ; but in all 
of them great numbers were killed, particularly the officers. 
Major-general Butler was dangerously wounded, and every 
officer of the second regiment, except three, fell. The artil- 
lery being silenced, and all their officers killed except captain 
Ford, who was b-adly wounded, and half the army fallen, it 
became necessary to retreat, which was done very precipitate- 
ly. The camp and artillery were necessarily abandoned. 
The Indians pursued the remnant of the army about four 
miles, when fortunately they returned to the field to divide the 



24 HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 

spoils. The troops conliiiued their retreat to Fort Jefferson, 
where they found major Ham tram ck, with the first regiment 
As this regiment was far from restoring the strength of the 
morning, it was determined not to attempt to retrieve the for- 
tune of the day. Leaving the wounded at Fort Jefferson, the 
army continued its retreat to Fort Washington. In this un- 
fortunate battle, which lasted three hours and fourteen min- 
utes, thirty-eight commissioned officers were killed upon the 
field, and five hundred and ninety-three non-commissioned of- 
ficers and privates were killed and missing. The wounded 
amounted to two hundred and fourteen. 

General St. Clair, on his arrival at Cincinnati, gave major 
Ziegler the command of Fort Washington, and repaired to 
Philadelphia. Soon after, colonel Wilkinson succeeded major 
Ziegler, and with the regulars under his command, and about 
one hundred and seventy militia under major Gano, marched 
to the field of battle and buried the dead. Great numbers of 
the slain were found upon the road near the battle ground. 
After interring the dead in the best manner possible, colonel 
Wilkinson returned to Cincinnati, with nearly one thousand 
stand of arms, and one piece of artillery, which the enemy 
had not taken from the field. 

This year, Cincinnati had little increase in its population. 
About one half of the inhabitants were attached to the army 
and many of them killed. The unfortunate event of the cam- 
paign, not only alarmed the citizens for their safety, but so 
discouraged several of them from persevering to make their 
settlements, that they removed to Kentucky. No new man- 
ufactories were established, except a horse-mill for grinding 
corn. 

On the fifth of March, 1792, congress passed another law, 
making further and more effectual provision for the protection 
of the frontiers of the United States. This act directed that 
the battalion of artillery should be completed according to its 
establishment ; that both the two regiments of infantry in ser- 
vice should be filled up to the number of nine hundred and 



HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 35 

sixty ; and that three additional regiments should be raised, 
for a time not exceeding three years. A discretion, however, 
was given the president, to raise the whole or part of the 
three regiments, and to discharge them at pleasure. On the 
seventh of April, general St. Clair resigned the command of 
the army, and Anthony Wayne was appointed to succeed him. 

The recruiting service w^as commenced and carried on with 
much activity. Commissioners were again sent to treat with 
the Indians, and, if possible, to bring them to an amicable ne- 
gociation ; but they treated every offer with disdain, and cru- 
elly massacred all but one of the commissioners. Such a 
flagrant outrage called upon the nation for redress, by the 
most exemplary exertion of its power. 

The enemy frequently attacked convoys of provisions, and 
killed great numbers. The troops at Fort Jefferson, under 
the command of captain Shaler, and of major Adair, who suc- 
ceeded him, had several skirmishes with the enemy, in which 
many were slain. 

About fifty persons were added, by emigration, this year, to 
the population of Cincinnati. Several cabins, three or four 
frames and a Presbyterian house of worship were erected. 
This building stood on Main street, near the site of the pre- 
sent First Presbyterian church, and is still in existence, al- 
though removed to Vine, below Fifth street. It is now occu- 
pied as a place of worship, by a society of German Metho- 
dists. 

The troops which had been recruited for Wayne's army, 
assembled at Pittsburg during the summer and autumn of 
1792, and encamped for the winter, on the Ohio, about twen- 
ty miles below that place. They descended the river the next 
spring, (1793,) under the command of general Wayne, and 
landed at Cincinnati. Here the general made an encamp- 
ment where he remained for two or three months, and then 
marched to the spot where he established Fort Greenville. 
The army remained at the fort during the winter, and until 
July following. In the fall of this year, soon after the army 

C 



26 HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 

left Cincinnati, the small-pox broke out among the soldiers in 
Fort Washington, and spread through the town with such ma- 
lignity that nearly one third of the soldiers and citizens fell 
victims to its ravages. 

In July, 1794, the army left Fort Greenville, and built Fort 
Adams, Fort Defiance and Fort Deposit. At the latter place, 
the heavy baggage of the army was deposited, as a general 
engagement with the enemy was shortly expected. Accord- 
ingly, on the morning of the 20th of August, the army ad- 
vanced to meet the enemy, and after marching about four 
miles, the Indians, who were secreted behind fallen trees and 
high grass, made a sudden attack upon the mounted volun- 
teers under major Price, who were compelled to reti-eat to the 
main body. The army was immediately formed in order of 
battle, having the Miami on the right, a thick wood on the 
left, and the fallen timber, among which the Indians were se- 
creted, in front. The savages were formed in three lines, 
within supporting distance of each other, and extending near- 
ly two miles at right angles with the river. It was soon dis- 
covered from the weight of the enemy's fire, and the extent 
of their lines, that they were endeavoring to turn the left flank 
of the American army. The second line, therefore, was or- 
dered to advance with trailed arms, and rouse the Indians from 
their coverts, at the point of the bayonet, and as soon as that 
was eff"ected, to deliver a close fire upon their backs, followed 
by a brisk charge, so as not to give them time to load again. 
Major Campbell was ordered to turn the left flank of the ene- 
my near the river. The orders of the commander-in-chief 
were promptly obeyed ; and such was the impetuosity of the 
charge of the first line, that the enemy, consisting of Indians, 
Canadian militia and volunteers, were driven from their cov- 
erts in so short a time, that notwithstanding every exertion 
was used by the second line, and generals Scott, Todd and 
Barbee, of the mounted volunteers, to gain their proper posi- 
tion, only part of each could get up to participate in the ac- 
tion ; the enemy being driven in the course of an hour, more 



HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 27 

than two miles. From the best accounts, the enemy amount- 
ed to two thousand, while the American troops actually en- 
gaged against them, were less than nine hundred. The sava- 
ges, with their allies, abandoned themselves to flight, and left 
the Americans in quiet possession of the field of battle. 

The army remained several days near the battle-ground, 
during which time they destroyed all the houses and corn- 
fields, for a considerable distance above and below Fort Miami. 
In this decisive battle, thirty-three American officers and pri- 
vates were killed, and one hundred wounded. On the 28th, 
the army commenced its return to the Auglaize, by easy 
marches, destroying in its route all the villages and corn-fields 
within fifty miles of the river ; from thence up the Miami to 
the junction of the St. Joseph and St. Mary's, where they 
erected Fort Wayne. They then proceeded to Loramie stores, 
seventy miles south-east from Fort Wayne, and erected Fort 
Loramie, and marched from thence to Greenville, which they 
reached about the 20th of November, and went into winter 
quarters. 

In this battle, the Indians received a chastisement so severe, 
and lost so many of their leading warriors, that they began to 
fear the American power, and to exhibit a disposition favora- 
ble to peace. This disposition was promptly reciprocated by 
our government, and accordingly, on the 3d of August, 1795, 
a treaty was made by general Anthony Wayne at Fort Green- 
ville, with all the warlike tribes, which put an end to their un- 
provoked, protracted and sanguinary hostilities. 

This event was hailed by the infant settlements, as the era 
of peace and security. They now looked forward to an ex- 
emption from ravage, danger and distress, and all the horrors 
of savage warfare. The return of peace gave them new am- 
bition and new hopes. They removed from their forts into 
the adjacent country, selected farms, built cabins, and began 
to subdue the forest. They were soon joined by other emi- 
grants, who, upon the news of peace began to flock across the 
mountains in great numbers. 



28 HISTORICAL SKETCHES. 

In 1799, the legislative power of the governor and judges 
was superseded by that of a general assembly, composed of a 
house of representatives, elected by the people, and a legisla- 
tive council, appointed by congress. By this general assem- 
bly, a delegate was chosen to represent the territory in the 
national legislature. A division of the territory was made, 
and the boundaries of Ohio determined in 1802, when con- 
gress passed a law enabling the people of the stale to form a 
constitution ; and in 1803, the state government went into op- 
eration. In January of the year preceding, the territorial 
legislature incorporated the town of Cincinnati. 

The whole Miami country, with the exception of Cincin- 
nati and its vicinity, at the time of Wayne's treaty, was one 
interminable forest. In 1795, the town contained 94 cabins, 
10 frame houses, and about 500 inhabitants. In 1800, the 
population was estimated at 750, and in 1805, at 960 only. 
This period of ten years has exhibited the least proportional 
increase, of any equal term of years since the settlement of 
the place. This was owing to the fact, that the recent treaty 
afforded peace and security to settlers, who preferred spread- 
ing themselves over a newer country, where land could be 
obtained more cheaply. 

From this period, Cincinnati has proceeded with a steady 
and rapid growth, to its present population and improvement. 

In 1808, the United States reservation around Fort Wash- 
ington, was sold by direction of the secretary of the treasury. 

The war with Great Britain, declared in 1812, by paralyz- 
ing the enterprise of the Atlantic United States, sent out vast 
numbers to the west ; and, though that section of the Union 
suffered in many respects, by the immediate consequences of 
that rupture, yet it was the means, to a great extent, of filling 
the country with population, and money disbursements, which 
developed more rapidly its natural wealth and resources. But 
the most important event in the history of the west, was the 
introduction of steam-boats on its waters. At once the vast 
interior of Ohio became a competitor, in market, with older 



BOUNDARIES AND DIVISIONS. 29 

and less productive regions. Of all these advantages, as the 
outlet for the Miami country, Cincinnati had its full share ; 
and an impulse was given to commercial and manufacturing 
enterprise, which is even yet felt. 

In 1819, a charter was obtained from the state legislature, 
by which Cincinnati was incorporated as a city. This char- 
ter, since repeatedly amended and altered, forms the basis of 
its present municipal authority. 

BOUNDARIES AND DIVISIONS. 

Cincinnati is bounded — ^north by Fulton and Mill-creek 
townships; the Ohio river forms its southern and eastern 
boundaries ; and Mill-creek lies on its west. It is divided 
into seven wards, whose boundary lines are as follows. 

1st Ward, includes that part of the city, which is between 
Main street and the corporation line, on the north and west, 
and the third ward, on the south and east. The line between 
the first and third wards is — from Main street, east on Fourth 
to Pike street, thence to Symmes or High street, to the reser- 
voir of the city Avater-works, thence north 16 degrees east to 
the line of Fulton township. 

lid Ward comprehends all between Main street and West- 
ern-row, and Sixth street on the north and the fourth ward on 
the south. The boundary line between the second and fourth 
wards is — from Main along Fourth to Walnut street, thence on 
Walnut to Baker street, thence along Burnet street, Wright's 
alley, McFarland and Ruffner streets to Western-row. 

Illd. Ward, from Main street to the Fulton township line, 
and from the division line with the first ward, to the river Ohio. 

IVth Ward, from Main sti-eet to Western-row, and its divi- 
sion line with the second ward, to the river Ohio. 

Vth Ward, extends from Main to Plum street, and from 
Sixth street to the corporation line. 

Vlth Ward embraces that part of the city from Sixth street 
to the river, and from Western-row to Mill-creek. 

c2 



30 CLIMATE. 

Vllth Ward, includes the space from Sixth street north, 
and Plum street west, to the corporation lines. 

CLIMATE. 

The climate of Cincinnati and vicinity, is such as might be 
expected in its appropriate latitude. It differs from the same 
parallel at the Atlantic, only in being rather more variable in 
the range of the thermometer, and in the greater frequency 
of rain in the winter months. Indeed, a fall of many degrees 
in the thermometer, in the course of but a few hours, is not 
uncommon in this city, at any period of the year. The cold 
weather in winter is of intensity equal to that at the east, and 
perhaps the north, but severe frosts are less frequent in their 
occurrence, and of briefer existence. Snow rarely lies long 
enough to furnish sleighing, and the constant alternation of 
free-jing and thawing renders the traveling through unpaved 
streets, in the winter season, very unpleasant 

On the whole, as may oe seen by comparing our bills of 
mortality with those of other cities, there is reason to believe 
this to be as healthy a place, as can be found in the United 
States, of any thing like equal density of population and pe- 
riod of existence. At the same time, a city laid out to afford 
a ventilation as free, and a drainage as efficient as ours, must 
keep pace improving in health, in a degree commensurate 
with its other improvements. 

Table of Mortality, 



Deaths in 1828 


647 ] 


I in 37 


1831 


820 ] 


I 34 


1833 


1,170 ] 


L 27 


1835 


926 ] 


L 37 


1836 


928 ] 


L 40 


1837 


968 ] 


L 39 


1838 


1,356 ] 


I 33 


1839 


1,282 ] 


L 35 


1840 


1,323 ] 


I 35 



Average mortality, 1 in 35. 



CLIMATE. 31 

Various circumstances connected with this subject must, 
however, be taken into account in forming an estimate of the 
heahh of Cincinnati. Numbers, in the successive stages of 
puhnonary disease, have been sent out by their friends at the 
east, to derive benefit from the milder winters of the south- 
west. Quite a large class, who are received at our marine 
hospital, are river-characters from various points of the west- 
ern country; and strangers from all quarters, who are destitute 
of relatives and friends, are left here to enjoy the benefits of 
that noble institution ; benefits aftbrded to these two classes 
freely and without expense. Various reasons also induce per- 
sons residing outside the city, to bury within its limits ; and 
the German population to a considerable distance, with the 
Irish laborers on the neighboring canals, who are principally 
Roman Catholics, would naturally desire to be buried in con- 
secrated ground. All this variety of cases serves to swell the 
list of deaths, or rather burials in this city, with persons who 
never formed any part of our population. Last year's re- 
turns— 1840 — will serve, in part, to illustrate this. The bu- 
rials here were 1,323. Of these 97, as ascertained by the 
hospital books, were strangers. There can be no doubt that 
as many more were brought here to the Roman Catholic bu- 
rying-ground, among the 401 reported as buried there, during 
the last year; for the German population is nearly as dense 
immediately outside the city as within its limits. Thus, with- 
out including other portions of the community in like circum- 
stances, but of less consequence in numbers, the deaths pro- 
per to thd city would be reduced to 1,129, or 1 in 39, v/hich 
would be about a fair statement of the proportions in the case, 
uot for the year only, but for the last five years. 

This is a degree of health equal to the average of the Unit- 
ed States, and decidedly more favorable in its complexion than 
our large cities exhibit. In Boston, the proportion is 1 in 38 ; 
New York, 1 in 37 ; Philadelphia, 1 in 36. In Europe, the 
deaths are — Naples, 1 in 28 ; Paris, 1 in 33; London, 1 in 
39 ; and Glasgow, 1 in 44. 



32 



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POPULATION. 35 

Hamilton County. — Townships. 

A.nderson 2,311 Symmes 1,033 

Colrain 2,272 Delhi 1,466 

Sycamore 3,207 Storrs 740 

Columbia 3,022 Greene 2,939 

Fulton 1,505 Miami -2,189 

Mill-creek 6,249 Springfield 3,092" 

Crosby 1,875 Whitewater 1,883 



33,783 

White males 18,058 

" females 15,390 

Colored persons 335 



33,783 

Comparative Table. 





Cincinnati. 


Louisville. 


Pittsburg. 


New Orleans. 


Census of 1800 


750 


600 


1,565 


9,650 


1810 


2,540 


1,350 


4,768 


17,242 


1820 


9,602 


4,012 


7,243 


27,176 


1830 


24,831 


10,306 


21,412* 


46,310 


1840 


46,382 


21,214* 


36,478* 


102,294 



These census returns, so far as respects Cincinnati, embrace 
residents within its corporate limits only. If we connect Cov- 
ington, Newport, Fulton and the adjacent parts of Mill-creek 
township on the north, which may be included as suburb pop- 
ulation to Cincinnati, with as much propriety as Allegheny 
city and Pitt township are with Pittsburg in the 36,478 giv- 
en above, this city has, in that case, at least 60,000 inhabit- 
ants. The same allowance must be made in comparisons with 
most other places ; which, it will be found on scrutiny, em- 
brace within their reputed population the surrounding neigh- 
borhoods, to considerable extent. Thus, Philadelphia, with- 
in its corporate bounds, has 98,773 inhabitants, while such an 

* Including suburbs. 



36 POPULATION. 

extent of adjacent territory is usually included in reference to 
that city, as to swell its numbers to 258,922. Other cities- 
Louisville and New Orleans, for example, — since 1810, have 
also been greatly enlarged in their territorial limits. 

At the same time it must be borne in mind, that Cincinnati, 
as is manifest from the above parallel, derives little — population 
considered — from immediate neighborhoods, compared with 
other places. We have more than one half the number of 
inhabitants of Philadelphia, and twice that of Pittsburg, if we 
exclude suburbs. 

The only example of growth, which can equal or surpass 
that of this city, is New Orleans. A reference to the com- 
parative table which heads this article, shews that this last 
city, the great in and outlet of the Mississipi valley trade, has 
increased in thirty years, from 17,242 to 102,294 inhabitants. 
Now, though it is probable this number was found there on 
the 1st day of June last — the date of the census of 1840, — 
yet it is a qualifying circumstance, well known to all who 
know any thing of New Orleans, that in that city there are 
at all times — the sickly season perhaps excepted — a propor- 
tionate population of strangers, and transient residents, un- 
common elsewhere. And there can be little doubt that thous- 
ands have been embraced in the late enumeration there, who 
have been taken in various places at their proper homes, al- 
though absent at the time. The votes polled in New Orleans, 
after making due allowance for restrictions in suffrage, fully 
warrant this view of the case. 

Without insisting, however, on this point, it will be seen 
tliat while, in 1820, Cincinnati had only one half the popula- 
tion of New Orleans in 1810, in 1830 ours had nearly equal- 
ed theirs of 1820 ; and in 1840 we have exceeded their return 
of 1830, thereby gaining steadily upon that city, census after 
census. Whether Cincinnati shall gain in the same, or a 
greater ratio, for the future, is of course only conjecture. 

It is but justice to ourselves, to state that, heretofore, there 
has been no prospective estimate of our population which has 



POPULATION. 37 

not fallen far short of actual numbers, when the period to 
which reference was made had arrived. In 1820, an old res- 
ident and an influential and intelligent member of society, gave 
his opinion, that in 1830, the city population would prove 
20,000; in 1840, 35,000; and in 1850, 50,000. He lived 
long enough to find his estimates, although pronounced at the 
time they were made, visionary and extravagant, far below the 
fact, as revealed by the respective official returns of 1830 
and 1840. 

The colored population here, in 1826, amounted to 690, 
the white inhabitants being then 15,540. Of course they 
formed, at that time, about one in twenty-four of the commu- 
nity. The present relative numbers, with sufficient accuracy, 
may be stated as one to twenty. This gain on 1826, is en- 
tirely owing to additions to these people from other places. 
The late Cincinnati returns — and the fact is probably general 
in its character — abundantly prove, that the ratio of increase, 
by births, to population, corresponds to the length of settle- 
ment of a given place. The colored population are greatly 
deficient in children, that class under ten years of age being 
to the adults, as one to four ; Avhereas one child to three per- 
sons over that age, averages the proportions in the families of 
the whites. The difference would be greater but for the fact, 
that in this last estimate are included the families of Germans, 
who, under the operation of this law of statistics, have fewer 
children than their older fellow residents. 

The Germans, with their wives and children, a share of 
which are natives of this country, amount to 14,163 persons. 
They may be apportioned to the different wards as follows. 

First Ward, . . . 3,630 Fifth Ward, . . . 4,320 

Second <' ... 1,137 Sixth " ... 695 

Third " ... 1,912 Seventh "... 1,473 

Fourth " ... 996 

Total, 14,163 

D 



Year. 


Votes. 


1809 


227 


1810 


327 


1814 


411 


1820 


850 


1821 


732 


1822 


1,597 


1823 


1,861 


1827 


2,349 


1833 


3,995 


1834 


4,007 


1836 


4,385 


1838 


4,573 


1840 


6,340 



38 POPULATION. 

Increase of Fopidation, 

Year. Population. 

1795 500 

1800 750 

1805 960 

1810 2,320 

1813 4,000 

1815 6,000 

1820 9,602 

1824 12,016 

1826 15,540 

1829 22,148 

1830 24,831 

1831 26,071 

1832 28,014 

1833 27,645 
1835 29,000 

1839 42,500 

1840 46,381 

1841 50,000 

Elements of Population. 
The population of Cincinnati is made up of various ingre- 
dients. Its first settlers were, as would be naturally expected, 
emigrants from New Jersey, in whose footsteps successively 
followed Pennsylvanians, Virginians, Marylanders, New York 
ers, and lastly New Englanders. Among these, the first two 
predominate in numbers, Pennsylvania supplying the largest 
element of native American residents. First in order of time 
of the foreigners, are our English and Scots citizens, and, 
in point of numbers, the Germans. Of our adult population, 
these last may form nearly one third, and from their numbers 
and nationality, constitute the most important ingredient in the 
community. Ireland and Wales have also contributed a due 
proportion of immigrants to our city, the first being rather be- 
low, and the second greatly above their average proportion in 
the Atlantic cities. The following list may serve to indicate 
the various component parts of our population. Males only 
are referred to in the table. 



POPULATION. 



39 



Natives of the 
Pennsylvania, • • 1,210 

Ohio,' 1,112 

New Jersey, .... 795 

New York, 672 

Virginia, 519 

Maryland, 537 

Massachusetts, • • • 414 

Kentucky, 349 

Connecticut, 230 

Vermont, 118 

Maine, 96 

Delaware, 90 

New Hampshire, • • 70 
Rhode Island, 62 



United States, 

Indiana, 60 

North Carolina, ... 45 

District of Columbia, 36 

Tennessee, 22 

South Carolina, ... 22 

Georgia, 18 

Louisiana, 17 

Mississipi, 12 

Michigan, 10 

Illinois, 10 

Alabama, 4 

Missouri, 3 

Arkansas, 1 

Total, 6,594 



Foreigners by Birth. 



Germanic states, • 3,440 

England, 786 

Ireland, 742 

Scotland, 360 

France, 125 

Wales, 84 

Canada &l Nova Scotia, 38 



Switzerland, 
Italy, . . . . 
Holland, . 
Poland, • . . 
Denmark, . 
Norway, . . 



31 
25 
14 
14 

7 
6 



Spain, 4 

Atlantic Ocean, .... 4 
Isle of Jersey, .... 4 

Russia, 3 

Sweden, 2 

Belgium, 2 

Madeira, 2 

Candia, 

Malta, 

Portugal, 

Mexico, 

Isle of Man, 



Total, 5,698 

Constituent Proportions. 

America, 54 per cent. 

Germany, 28 

Great Britain, 16 

France and Italy, 1 

All other states, 1 100 

These lists determine two facts ; that of the adults, nearly 
one half are foreigners ; and that every state of the Union, 
and almost every part of Europe, are represented in the pop- 
ulation of this city. 



40 DWELLING-HOUSES AND STORES. 

DWELLING-HOUSES AND STORES. 

The building of ware-houses and dwellings, has been car 
ried on for many years in Cincinnati, as a regular department 
of domestic industry, second only in importance to our pork 
operations. But, although hundreds of tenements have been 
thus added, year by year, to the accommodation and enlarge- 
ment of the city, there has been no period within the last 
twenty years, in which the supply has overtaken and kept up 
with the wants of the community. In 1826, it was an ordi- 
nary occurrence for a stranger who had selected Cincinnati as 
a residence, to be kept waiting at public houses, under great 
expense, for weeks, before he could procure a habitation for 
his family. This, it may be said, was a period of uncommon 
prosperity : yet amidst all the vicissitudes of business since— 
during the memorable pressure of 1834, and all the paralyses 
of 1837 to 1840, the case has been the same. Houses still 
are — as they have been for years^-contracted for by renters, 
while in progress of building ; and houses already under rent, 
engaged for new tenants, months before the existing occupants 
were ready to remove. 

The first regular enumeration made and on record, of the 
buildings of Cincinnati, was in July, 1815, when they were 
found to number 1070: being of stone, 20; of wood, 800; 
and of brick, 250. Of these, 660 were tenanted by families ; 
410 public buildings, shops, warehouses and offices, making 
up the residue. 

In March, 1819, the dwelling and ware-houses in the city 
were again numbered, and found to be. 

Of brick and stone, two, three and four stories, . • 387 
Do. do. one story, 45 

Of wood, two or more stories, 61 f 

Do. one story, 84? 

Total, 1,89(. 



DWELLING-HOUSES AND STORES. 41 

Of these were dwelling-houses, 1,003 

Shops, ware-houses and public buildings, 887 

The next enumeration of houses was made by Messrs. 
Drake and Mansfield, for their publication " Cincinnati in 
1826," towards the close of that year, when there were found 
18 stone, 936 brick, and 1,541 frame buildings. Of these, 
650 were one story, 1,682, two stories, and 163 three and 
four stories in height; making an aggregate of 2,495 tene- 
ments, being all places of abode or business. In all these 
statements, every description of out-building is excluded, and 
no additions to houses previously erected, are taken into 
account. 

There has been no enumeration since, nor any estimate giv- 
en to the public ; but assuming the fact that houses and inhab- 
itants bear the same relation of numbers to each other in 1841, 
which they did at any of the three periods referred to, there 
would now be about 6,800 edifices, private and public, a much 
greater proportion of brick being in this number, than in any 
previous statement. 

The following list, taken from official reports, furnishes the 
^)uildings of 1827 and 1828. 

Brick, of one story, 8 

*' two stories, 131 

" three do 77 

" four do. 1 

217 

Frame, of one story, 29 

*' two stories, 250 

279 

Total, 496 

In 1829 and 1830, an addition of 475 buildings was made 
to the city, and in 1833, of 321. Of these last, 200 were 
brick and 121 frames. In 1839, there were 394 new build- 
ings added, of which 280 were brick and 114 frames. There 
were built in 1840, as follows : — 

d2 



42 OCCUPATIONS, TRADES AND PURSUITS. 



Wards. 


1st. 


2a. 


3d. 


4tli. 


5th. 


Gth. 


7th. 


Total. 


Brick, 


47 


17 


31 


12 


76 


33 


44 


260 


Frame, 

Totnl. 


13 


1 


14 


3 


43 


18 


54 


146 



If we estimate the buildings for the intervening periods, 
which cannot be ascertained otherwise, at the rates of the ad- 
jacent years, the growth in buildings may be thus arrived at. 

Priorto 1827 2,495 1831 250 1836 365 

In 1827 217 1832 300 1837 305 

1828 279 1833 321 1838 334 

1829 270 2834 300 1839 394 

1830 205 1835 340 1840 406 

Total, 6,781 

It is manifest from this statement, that the proportion of 
brick buildings is increasing, while that of frames is in the 
same measure falling off. The disparity between these is es- 
pecially great in the central and business parts of the city. It 
may be remarked also, that the dwelling and ware-houses put 
up during the last two years, while they are in greater num- 
bers than for any equal space of time before, greatly surpass 
those previously erected, in value, elegance and convenience. 



OCCUPATIONS, TRADES AND PURSUITS. 

I. Hie Bar, Pulpit, Faculty, Literature, Science and the 
Fine Arts. 

Attorneys, authors, architects, civil engineers, clergymen, 
designers and draughtsmen, editors, engravers, musicians, 
miniature, landscape and portrait painters, surveyors, teach- 
ers, 434 persons. 

II. Commerce and Navigation. 
Booksellers, brokers, book-keepers, clerks, commission, 
produce, dry-goods and hardware merchants ; dealers in boat- 
stores, iron, queensware, glass, wood, coal, variety and fancy 



OCCUPATIONS, TRADES AND PURSUITS. 43 

goods, furs, ice, lumber, paints, shoes, and umbrellas ; drug- 
gists, fruiterers, pedlars, river traders, steam-boat characters, 

2,226 persons. 

III. Manufactures and Mechanic Arts. 
Brick-makers, brass-founders, blacksmiths, basket-makers, 
brick and stone-masons, boiler-makers, butchers, burr mill- 
stone-makers, book-binders, bakers, brewers, box and ice- 
chest-makers, beef and pork-packers, britannia-ware-makers, 
button-turners, brush-makers, carpenters, clock-makers, coop- 
ers, chair-makers, confectioners, cabinet-makers, caulkers, 
copper, sheet-iron and tin-plate- workers, comb-makers, coach- 
painters and makers, carpet- weavers, cart and wagon-makers, 
dyers, desk-makers, distillers, engine-builders, engineers, edge- 
tool-makers and grinders, finishers, founders, gilders, glass- 
cutters, gold and silver-smiths, hatters, jewellers, lock-mak- 
ers, looking-glass and picture-frame-makers, machinists, mill- 
wrights, milliners, marble and stone-workers, moulders, mat- 
ress-makers, millers, musical, optical, philosophical and sur- 
gical instrument-makers, oil-cloth-makers, plasterers, plane- 
makers, printers, pattern-makers, planers, paper-stainers and 
hangers, pump and block-makers, potters, plough-makers, 
plumbers, rope-makers, steam-boat-builders, shoe-makers, sad- 
dlers, sausage-makers, stereotypers, sash, door and blind- 
makers, soap and candle-makers, tailors, tobacconists, turners, 
trunk-makers, type-founders, tanners and curriers, and wire- 
workers, 10,866 persons. 

IV. Miscellaneous. 
Agents, bar-keepers, barbers, boarding, eating and coffee- 
house-keepers, carters, cooks, draymen, gardeners, hotel and 
tavern-keepers, pavers, stage-drivers, .... 1,025 persons. 



44 MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. 

MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. 

Courts of Judicature. 
Besides the administration of justice by township magis- 
trates, residing in Cincinnati, and the mayor, who derives his 
authority under the city charter, there are three courts held 
here ; the Supreme Court, the Court of Common Pleas, and 
the Superior Court. 

1. The Supreme Court of Ohio holds its session here in 
the month of April, annually. It has, by law, exclusive juris- 
diction in all cases of divorce ; original jurisdiction — concur- 
rent with that of the common pleas — in all civil cases, both 
at law and equity, in which the cause of action exceeds one 
thousand dollars ; and appellate jurisdiction from the decisions 
of the court of common pleas and superior court, in all cas- 
es in which those courts have original jurisdiction. It can, 
also, issue all writs necessary to enforce its authority, in the 
due administration of justice. 

2. The Court of Common Pleas for Hamilton county, is 
held once in three months for the trial of criminals, and once 
in four months for the settlement of the civil docket. This 
court has original jurisdiction in all civil cases, both in law 
and equity, where the matter in dispute exceeds the jurisdic- 
tion of a justice of the peace; and appellate jurisdiction from 
decisions of the mayor and justices. It has also cognizance 
of all crimes, offences and misdemeanors, for which the sta- 
tutes of Ohio provide punishment.* It has sole jurisdiction 
of all matters of a probate or testamentary nature. It appoints 
guardians, and issues all writs, except those of error and man- 
damus. It has likewise authority to appoint its clerk, com- 
missioner of insolvents, masters in chancery, and inspectors 
of flour, salt, pork and beef, oil and whisky. It issues li- 

* By the laws of the state, no crime is punished capitally but murder in 
the first degree. In cases of this offence, the accused can elect to be tried 
by the supreme court. 



MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. 45 

censes to ministers to solemnize marriage, and auctioneers to 
hold sales, and for ferries out of the city. 

3. The Superior Court was established in 1838, for the 
purpose of facilitating the despatch of business on the civil 
docket in the court of common pleas. It has concurrent ju- 
risdiction with the court of common pleas, of all civil cases at 
common law and chancery, in which that court has original 
jurisdiction. Its sessions commence on the first Mondays of 
January, April, July and October. 

4. The mayor, in his judicial capacity, has exclusive au- 
thority in all causes for the violation of city ordinances, be- 
sides possessing such criminal jurisdiction and powers as are 
vested in justices of the peace. 

5. Justices of the peace. Of these there are six in the 
city. They are conservators of the peace, and can examine 
witnesses, and admit to bail or commit for trial, all persons 
charged with a breach of the laws. Their jurisdiction in cri- 
minal cases, extends throughout the county, but in civil cases 
is limited to the city, and does not exceed in amount one hun- 
dred dollars, except in voluntary confessions of judgment, in 
which case it extends to two hundred dollars, and is co-exten- 
sive with the county. 

Supreme Court. 
Peter Hitchcock, Ebenezer Lane, Frederic Grimke and 
Reuhen Wood, Judges. Isaac G. Burnet, Clerk. 

Court of Common Pleas. 
N. C. Read, President Judge; Henry Morse, Richard 
Ayres and Israel Brown, Associates. J. W. Piatt, Clerk. 
John C. Avery, Sheriff. J. T. Crapsey, Prosec. Attorney, 

Superior Court. 
David K. Este, Judge. Daniel Gano, Clerk. 

Blaster Commissioners in Chancery. 
Edward Woodruff, Adam N. Riddle, William B. Caldwell 
and Benjamin B. Fessenden. 



46 MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. 

Justices of the Peace for Cincinnati Township. 

James Glenn, office south side of Third, between Main and 
Sycamore streets. 

Richard Mulford, west side of Plum, between George and 
Seventh streets. 

William Doty, north side of Second, between Main and 
Sycamore streets. 

John A. Wiseman, south-west corner of Third and Syca- 
more. 

R. A. Madison, south side of Court, between Main and 
Walnut streets. 

Ebenezer Harrison, south-east corner of Walnut and Third 
streets. 

Legislative and Executive Authority, 

The fiscal and prudential concerns of the city, with the 
conduct, direction and government of its affairs, devolve on 
the mayor, and a board of trustees of three members from 
each ward, usually known by the name of the City Council. 

The mayor is elected biennially, on the first Monday in 
April. It is made his duty by the charter, to cause the laws 
and ordinances of the city to be duly executed and enforced, 
to inspect the conduct of the subordinate officers of the city, 
and to bring to punishment all negligence, carelessness and 
violations of duty. He is the keeper of the public seal of the 
city, issues all licenses, commissions and permits under the 
authority of the city council, has power to administer oaths, 
take and certify depositions, and to certify the proof and ac- 
knowledgment of deeds and other legal instruments. An 
appeal lies from his decisions to the court of common pleas 
for the county of Hamilton. 

The trustees, composing the city council, are elected an- 
nually on the first Monday of April. They must be free- 
holders, and residents of the city three years previous to the 
election. They determine the rules of their own proceedings, 
and it is made their duty to keep a journal thereof, open to 
the inspection of every citizen. They are required to take an 



MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. 47 

oath of office, administered by the mayor, and to elect from 
their own body a president, who is to preside over its meet- 
ings and, when necessary, act as its representative ; and a re- 
corder, whose duty it is to keep in his custody the laws and 
ordinances of the city. They elect from the qualified voters, 
a city clerk, whose duty it is to keep a journal of their pro- 
ceedings. They are empowered to appoint all collectors, as- 
sessors, surveyors, clerks of markets, street-commissioners, 
health-officers, weighers of hay, measurers of wood, lime and 
coal, wharf-master, &c. They have the control and manage- 
ment of all the real and personal estate of the city, but are 
expressly prohibited from banking, and restricted in borrow- 
ing for city purposes to an amount of not more than five 
thousand dollars in any current year. They have power to 
establish a board of health, to organize a city watch, establish 
and regulate markets, wharves and fire-companies, and to li- 
cense and regulate taverns, coffee, ale and porter-houses and 
public shows. They are authorized to abate nuisances, to 
appropriate ground for new streets or alleys, to open, straight- 
en, widen or repair streets, to license and regulate wagons, 
drays &c., and to levy and collect taxes for city purposes. It 
is made the duty of the council, annually to publish for the 
information of the citizens, a particular statement of the re- 
ceipts and expenditure of the public monies. For their ser- 
vices the members receive one dollar per day, which is re- 
stricted to the actual meetings of the board. 

A city treasurer, and marshal, are elected biennially by the 
qualified voters of the city, on the first Monday in April. 

City Council. 

Edward Woodruff, President. Oliver Lovell, Recorder. 

Ward I. S. P. Chase, Samuel Lewis, Alexander H. Ewing. 

II. Moses Brooks, Isaiah Wing, Joseph Graham. 

III. D. A. Powell, S. Hazen, James McCandless. 

IV. David Griffin, William Bromwell, J. Broadwell. 

V. Edw'd Woodruff, Sam'l B. Findlav, James Read. 



48 MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. 

VI, Louis H. Shally, David Carroll, Ezra Bailey. 

VII. Oliver Lovell, William Billings, Joseph Ross. 
Charles Satterly, Clerk. J. S. Woodruff, Messenger, 

City Officers. 
Samuel W. Davies, Mayor. Samuel Scott, Treasurer. 
James Saffin, 3Iarshal. Joseph Gest, Surveyor. 

Joseph Pierce, Port-warden. 
R. C. Phillips, Sealer of weights and measures. 
Alexander Dalzell, Inspector of staves and heading. 
Eli Richman, Thomas Smith, "^ 

R. Vallandigham, Richard Miller, > TVood-measurers, 
William R. Field, > 

Eli Richman, Measurer of coal and charcoal. 
R. Vallandigham, Measurer of lime, 
John Carr, 1st and 3d wards, ^ 

G. G. Smith, 2d 4th and 6th, V Street-commissioners, 
Isaac Poineer, 5th and 7th, 3 

Ira A. Butterfield, Captain city watch. 
James Wise, Lieutenant. 

County Officers. 
Commissioners, Jonathan Larrison, Presley Kemper and 
Thomas Cooper. Auditor, Hugh McDougal. Treasurer, 
Samuel Martin. Recorder, Grifhn Yeatman. Assessor, H. 
R. Bywaters. Coroner, Charles Hale. 

Commissioner of insolvents, John B. Enness. 
Inspector of flour, Arthur E. Armstrong 
" pork and beef, Henry Thorp. 

" salt, Wm. B. Barry. 

" oil and whisky, H. M. Ernst, Lewis Hunt. 

Township Officers, 
Trustees, William Grossman, Josiah Fobes, Thatcher Lew- 
is. Clerk, David Churchill. Constables, I. C. Copelen, 
Joseph Morrow, William Moody, John Reily, Jesse O'Niel, 
Thomas Hurst, J. S. Olmstead. 



COMMERCE. 41) 

COMMERCE. 

The commerce of Cincinnati is co-extensive with the na- 
vigation of the west, and its interior trade is spread over the 
whole extent of country between the river Ohio and the lakes, 
north and south, and the Scioto and Wabash rivers, east and 
west. The Ohio river line of country in Kentucky, for fifty 
miles down, and as far up as the boundary line between that 
state and Virginia, makes its purchases here. Besides its 
sales of foreign merchandise through the region thus describ- 
ed, Cincinnati furnishes the lower Ohio river country, and the 
upper and lower Mississipi states and territories, with a vast 
amount of manufactured products, not merely made here, but 
with which this market is extensively supplied from the inte- 
rior. For these, there are received in return sugar, cotton, 
rice, molasses, Slc, from the south; lead, shot, furs, honey, 
&.C., from the Missouri and upper Mississipi regions : and 
pork, flour, &c., from Indiana. The eastern half of the state 
of Indiana is the most important customer for foreign goods, 
to this market, and the lower Mississipi country, for our vari- 
ous manufactured articles. The products of other countries, 
brought to this place, are purchased in New York and Phila- 
delphia, with the exception of certain descriptions of grocer- 
ies which are supplied by New Orleans. 

By the census of 1840, it appears that the capital invested 
at Cincinnati, in commercial houses in foreign trade and in 
commission business, is 5,200,000 dollars. The capital in re- 
tail dry-goods, hardware, groceries and other stores, 12,877,- 
000 dollars. Lumber business, 23 yards, 73 hands employed, 
capital 133,000 dollars; sales, 342,500 dollars. 

Chamber of Commerce^ 
Instituted October 22d, 1839, meets monthly at the Young 
Men's Mercantile Library rooms. Lewis Whiteman, Presi- 
dent. Henry Rockey, Secretary, B. W. Hewson, Treas- 
urer. 



50 BANKS. 

BANKS. 

Five incorporated, and two unincorporated banks, furnish 
the business accommodations, and, in some measure, supply 
the circulating medium of the place. 

Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company Bank, 
Capital S2,000,000. 

This institution was incorporated in 1834, and is authorised 
to make insurance on lives, to purchase and grant annuities, 
receive and execute trusts of every description, and to buy 
and sell drafts and bills of exchange. Its management is plac- 
ed in a board of twenty trustees, who must, individually, be 
stockholders to the amount of five thousand dollars. Bank- 
ing house, corner of Main and Third. 

M. T. Williams, President, J. M. Perkins, Cashier, Sam- 
uel R. Miller, Secretary, V. Worthington, Solicitor, T. J. 
Matthews, Actuary, Isaac G. Burnet, Notary. 

BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 

Cincinnati, Jacob Burnet, Micajah T. Williams, Alex- 
ander Gibson, David T. Disney, George Luckey, Vachel 
Worthington, James R. Baldridge, Samuel Fosdick, Samuel 
R. Miller. Warren, Trumbull co. Simon Perkins. Gallio- 
polis, Gcdlia co. Samuel F. Vinton. Columbus, Franklin co. 
Alfred Kelley, N. H. Swayne. Cadiz, Harrison co. Daniel 
Kilgore. Dayton, Montgomery co. Samuel Forrer. New 
York, Gould Hoyt, Henry Rankin. Boston, Samuel Hub- 
bard. Philadelphia, Matthew L. Bevan. New Orleans, 
Charles Stetson. 

Franklin Bank. 
Incorporated in 1834. Capital $1,000,000. 

John H. Groesbeck, President. William Hooper, Cashier, 
David Loring, Fenton Lawson, E. S. Haines, D. H. Home, 
James Reynolds, Moses White, F. Bodmann, J. C. Culbertson, 
J. C. Tunis, Henry Clark, Charles Fisher, Directors. One 
vacancy. V 



BANKS. 51 

Lafayette Bank. 
Capital $1,000,000. 
Josiah Lawrence, President. John D. Jones, George K. 
Shoenberger, C. Donaldson, E. J. Miller, Moses Brooks, 
S. C. Parkhurst, S. S. L'Hommedieu, S. P. Chase, S. E. 
Pleasants, Charles Sonntag, George W. NefF, R. G. Mitchell, 
Directors. W. G. W. Gano, Cashier. 
Commercial Bank. 
Capital $1,000,000. 
James S. Armstrong, President. Joseph Smith, James 
Johnston, James McCandless, Nath'l Wright, J. R. Coram, 
George C. Miller, Jacob Strader, Directors. James Hall, 
Cashier. 

Bank of Cincinnati. 
G. R. Gilmore, President. N. Lougee, M. N. McLean, P. 
Collins, G. J. Moore, Peter Smith, Joseph G. Young, George 
Ciillum, J. McLaughlin, M. M. Hale, William A. Reynolds, 
Robert Hosea, Jr. Directors. George Hatch, Cashier. 
Miami Exporting Company. 
Capital $600,000. 
N. W. Thomas, President. John W. Coleman, W. R. 
Morris, James Taylor, Samuel J. Browne, J. R. Child, S. B. 
Hunt, Warren Hartshorne, Horace Wilder, Directors. J. M. 
Douglass, Cashier. 

Mechanics^ and Traders^ Bank. 
E. D. John, President. George Conclin, W. Lewis, David 
A. James, Isaac Young, L. M. Gwynne, Directors. Stan- 
hope S. Rowe, Cashier. 

Exchange Bank. 
Owned chiefly by John Bates. Capital $200,000. A. 
Barnes, Cashier. 

Agency of the United States^ Bank. 
T. Kirby, ^gent. 
Office in the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company 
Banking House. 

t 



53 INSURANCE. 

INSURANCE. 

General Board of Underwriters. 
John P. Foote, President, William Goodman, Treasurer. 
E. Robins, Secretary. 

E. Robins, John Young, Thomas Newell, Board of Couu' 
sellors. 

Cincinnati Insurance Company. 
Incorporated, 1829. Office on Front Street. 
John Young, President. Josiah Lawrence, Lewis White- 
man, Thos. W. Bakewell, John Kilgour, Joseph Smith, Ja- 
cob Strader, John D. Jones, Geo. Carlisle, James Reynolds, 
R. H. Southgate, L. Worthington, J. L. Avery, Jas. J. Cly- 
mer, N. W. Thomas, Directors. B. B. Whiteman, Secre- 
tary. 

Branch Office, corner of Canal and Sycamore. 

Firemen^s Insurance Company. 
Incorporated, 1832. Office, corner of Front and Main. 
Geo. W. Neff, President. Geo. H. Bates, R. B. Bowler, 
Geo. H. Hartwell, Jas. C. Hall, Arch. Irwin, R. G. Mitchell, 
E. J. Miller, James PuUan, E. Poor, P. Rogers, P. Tilling- 
hast, Wm. M. Woolsey, K. Yardley, J. Yorke, Directors. 
One vacancy. Thomas Newell, Secretary. 

Branch on Main near the canal. David Urner, Secretary. 
Washington Insurance Company. 
Incorporated, 1836. Office, 73 Main street. 
Wm. Goodman, President. Calvin Fletcher, S. C. Park- 
hurst, John Bailey, Thomas J. Adams, S. S. Smith, Calvin 
Carpenter, R. A. Little. Sam'l Davis Jr., Directors. E. Hen- 
ry Carter, Secretary. 

Fire Departmenf s Insurance Company. 

Incorporated, 1836. Office on Front street. 

David T. Disney, President. Ezra Bailey, Wm. Brom- 

well, Joseph Cartwright, J. S. Chamberlain, S. H. Crocker, 

A. CuUiffltt Jr., E. Dodson, C. F. Hanselmann, Wm. Hum- 



INSURANCE. 53 

ble, George H. Hill, S. King, F. Lawson, Wm. Murray, 
Wm. Orange, R. P. Resor, J. Seymour, Thomas Spooner, 
Samuel H. Taft, A. Trowbridge, D. C. Wallace, William H. 
Abrams, William Aarons, Directors. J. P. Foote. Secretary. 
Canal Insurance Company. 
Incorporated, 1836. Office on Front street. 

R. Buchanan, President. J. H. Groesbeck, James Hicks, 
Jr. Samuel Trevor, J. P. Tweed, J. W. Blachley, S. J. Kel- 
logg, Edmund Dexter, John Reeves, A. H. Ewing, Thomas 
Heaton, John Thomas, N. P. Iglehart, Charles Duffield, Jas. 
Goodin, W. F. Johnson, J. D. Walbridge, M. R. Todd, Sam- 
uel B. Findlay, R. W. Lee, Directors. J. H. Carter, Secre- 
tary. 

This company has a branch on the Canal, between Main 
and Walnut streets, of which Samuel B. Findlay is Agent. 
Manufacturers'' Insurance Company. 
Incorporated, 1838. Office on Front street. 

James McCandless, President. S. O. Butler, Wm. Man- 
ser, James S. Glascoe, John F. Dair, John Buchanan, John 
Frazer, Peter Andrew, A. A. Wilkins, Directors. Elias 
Dudley, Secretary. 

Equitable Insurance Company. 

Office on Third street. Incorporated in 1827, on the prin- 
ciple of mutual assurance. 

Geo. C. Miller, President. John B. Clark, Stephen Bur- 
rows, John Baker, Jabez C. Tunis, Caleb Williams, Elam P. 
Langdon, Benj. Mason, Wm. Medary, D. K. Cady, Joseph 
Jones, John E. Williams, Directors. James Foster, Secre- 
tary. 

E. Robins, General Agent, for the western states, of the 
Protection Insurance Company of Hartford, Con. Henry 
Hayes, Agent for Cincinnati. 

N. Sawyier, Agent, at Cincinnati, for the ^tna Insurance 
Company of Hartford, Con., and for the Lexington Fire, 
Life and Marine Insurance Company of Lexington, Ky. 

e2 ' 



64 MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRO- 
DUCTS. 

I. In Wood, entirely or jjrincipally. 

hands value per annum 

6 Agricultural implement makers, 30 37,900 

2 Basket-makers 5 2,800 

8 Bedstead factories 19 25,000 

31 Coopers 176 167,000 

20 Carpenter jobbing shops 65 71,000 

48 Cabinet ware factories 384 588,000 

11 Chair-makers 128 131,600 

6 Carriage factories 87 127,000 

1 Desk-maker 2 2,200 

8 Ice-chest and packing-box factories .... 28 39,000 

2 Pattern-makers 3 3,510 

4 Plane factories 34 95,000 

6 Picture-frame and looking-glass makers . . 17 26,900 

4 Planing machines 16 60,000 

6 Saw-mills 31 73,000 

22 Sash and blind factories 90 71,700 

5 Steam-boat yards 306 592,500 

12 Turners 27 28,275 

21 Wagon and cart-makers 96 104,300 

6 Yawl, oar, pump and block shops 20 26,172 



2,222,857 



II. In Ir 071,. entirely or principally. 

3 Brand, stamp and venitian blind chisel- 

makers 7 6,800 

52 Blacksmith shops 294 311,400 

2 Cistern and fire-engine pump factories . . 13 13,750 

6 Cutlers 9 6,500 

1 Cotton-gin and spinning machine shop • • 25 45,000 

8 Edge-tool makers and grinders 37 41,600 

13 Founderies and engine shops 563 668,657 

5 Gun-smiths 15 16,842 

1 Iron safe and balustrade-maker 12 11,400 

4 Machinists and cotton-press factories ... 42 77,000 

2 Printing-press factorys 11 9,000 

2 Rolling-mills 148 394,000 



MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 55 

5 Sheet-iron workers 33 58,000 

1 Spinning-machine maker 35 55,600 

4 Wire-workers 12 13,000 

1,728,549 
III. In other Metals. 

8 Bell and brass founders 62 81,000 

1 Britannia ware factory 8 20,840 

32 Copper, brass, sheet-iron and tin-plate 

workers 208 311,300 

8 Jewelers, gold and silver-smiths 30 56,500 

5 Lever-lock factories 49 95,000 

4 Plumbers 18 48,000 

3 Type and stereotype founders 85 45,400 

658,040 
IV. In Leather, entirely or principally. 

2 Bellows factories 6 12,600 

166 Boot and shoe-makers 652 488,000 

1 Hose factory • • • • 2 2,100 

22 Saddlery, trunk, collar and harness facto- 
ries 102 231,000 

21 Tanneries and currier shops 126 335,000 

1,768,700 
V. In Hair, Bristles, 4'C. 

4 Brush-makers 15 19,000 

2 Curled hair and bristle dressers 42 16,600 

10 Mattress-makers and upholsterers 58 284,800 

5 Stock-makers 75 40,000 

3 Wig and curl-makers 8 6,000 

366,400 
VI. In Cotton, Wool, Linen and Hemp. 

3 Awning, sail, &c. makers 8 12,000 

1 Bagging factory 87 78,650 

7 Carpet weavers 37 46,000 

1 Coach-lace, fringe and military equipment 

factory 7 15,400 

2 Cotton yarn factories 60 95,000 

10 Dye-houses 36 15,540 

2 Fullers and carders 18 30,000 

4 Oil-cloth factories 81 73,000 



56 MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

4 Rope-walks 18 33,600 

2 Stocking-weavers 7 12,000 



411,190 



VII. Of Drugs, Paints, Chemicals, ^c. 
3 Colors, prussiate of potash, mineral acids 

and spirits of wine, &c. factories .... 29 68,000 

2 Ivory-black and shoe-blacking makers . . 12 11,000 

3 White-lead factories 44 121,750 

1 Lard oil press 4 31,000 

1 Neat's foot oil factory 4 33,500 

2 Camphine oil distilleries 7 89,000 

2 Linseed oil mills 4 36,000 

4 Patent medicine factories 10 68,000 



458,250 



VIII. Of the Earth. 

35 Brick yards 175 87,500 

2 Burr millstone factories 15 10,500 

4 Cistern builders 12 21,300 

2 Earthen and stone ware potters 11 12,000 

1 Marble-cutter 3 10,000 

6 Stone-cutters 70 83,000 

1 Hydraulic cement and marble dust factory 15 14,000 



238,300 



IX. Of Paper. 

25 Book, newspaper, &c. publishers 362 518,500 

15 Blank book-makers and binders 102 107,700 

1 Bandbox factory 5 9,000 

6 Wall paper-makers and hangers 43 34,400 

669,600 
X. Of Food. 

52 Biscuit and bread-bakers 132 259,000 

3 Corn-meal, pearl-barley and hommony 

mills 16 138,000 

7 Flouring mills 27 678,700 

3 Bologna sausage-makers 15 21,000 

62 Beef and pork butchers 157 1,098,015 

48 Pork packers 1,220 3,074,912 

5,269,627 



MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 57 

XI. Science and the Fine Arts. 

1 Cameo and Daguerrotype artist 1 950 

5 Copper-plate engravers and printers ... 16 42,000 
3 Wood engravers 3 2,550 

3 Xylographic printers 7 4,900 

1 Lithographic printer 4 3,500 

6 Draughtsmen and designers 9 17,000 

4 Miniature painters 4 4,500 

8 Landscape and portrait painters 8 7,500 

14 Ornamental and banner painters 48 31,000 

3 Mathematical, optical and philosophical 

instrument-makers 11 30,000 

7 Musical instrument-makers ........ 18 25,000 

2 Surgical instrument-makers 4 4,200 

2 Stucco workers 6 6,000 



179,100 



XIL Of Building. 

20 Stone quarriers 212 253,450 

140 Carpenters 580 347,600 

48 Brick masons 226 103,300 

44 Stone masons 218 101,000 

60 Plasterers 245 107,650 

15 House painters 80 33,000 

5 Bell hangers, &c. 7 7,217 



953,267 



XIII. Miscellaneous. 

8 Brewers 60 126,000 

2 Button factories 4 7,500 

4 Clock-makers 10 12,000 

12 Confectioners and sugar bakers 35 54,000 

86 Clothing stores* 813 1,223,800 

1 Comb factory 24 18,550 

3 Distilleries 37 145,000 

1 Glass cutter 5 10,000 

25 Hat factories 181 312,000 

1 Japannery 2 2,000 

1 Last and sparable factory 6 15,000 

* There are nearly four thousand females employed by these establish- 
ments, who sew at their own homes. 



58 MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

1 Machine-card, stock and portable burr- 
millstone-maker 32 81,000 

17 Soap and candle-makers 122 332,940 

1 Maltster 2 6,000 

2 Starch factories 16 45,000 

1 Printing-ink factory 4 2,500 

60 Tailors 195 376,000 

1 Tallow renderer 4 56,000 

26 Tobacconists 158 325,000 

5 Vinegar factories 11 30,500 

1 Powder-mill 12 28,000 



3,208,790 



Recapitulation. 

Manufactures hands value per amram 

f. In wood, principally or wholly .... 1,557 2,222,857 

II. Iron, entirely or principally 1,250 1,728,549 

III. Other metals . . . 461 658,040 

IV. Leather, entirely or principally • • • 888 1,068,700 

V. Hair, bristles, &c 198 366,400 

VI. Cotton, wool, linen and hemp .... 359 411,190 

VII. Drugs, paints, chemicals, &c. • ... 114 458,250 

VIII. The earth 301 238,300 

IX. Paper 512 669,600 

X. Food 1,567 5,269,627 

XI. Science and the fine arts 139 179,100 

XII. Buildings 1,568 953,267 

XIII. Miscellaneous 1,733 3,208,790 

10,647 17,432,670 

Ninety-nine per cent, of all these products are made and 
sold in Cincinnati itself. Some few, which could not be pro- 
perly separated from the mass, are fabricated in Fulton, New- 
port and Covington, but a large amount of manufacturing and 
mechanical industry, in those places, is not included in this 
statement. 

The capital invested here in manufactures appears, by the 
census of 1840, to be 14,541,842 dollars. 



METEOROLOGY. 59 

METEOROLOGY. 

In the following article, it is proposed to give a summary 
of the meteorological observations made at the Woodward 
College, in this city, (Lat. 39° 5' N., Long. 84° 22' W.,) 
during the six years beginning with 1835 and ending with 
1840. It may be divided to advantage into the following 
heads: temperature, wind, rain, weather, and height 

OF THE barometer. 

Temperature. 
The following observations were made at least three times 
daily, and the mean temperature deduced from them, at 
5 A. M., 2 P. M. and 9 P. M., after the manner employed 
by the academies in the state of New York ; a rule introduc- 
ed by Simeon De Witt the surveyor general of that state, and 
much more accurate than the common method of taking the 
mean of the greatest and least temperature. 

The following table shews the mean temperature of each 
year according to Fahrenheit's thermometer. 

Years Mean Temperature Years Mean Temperature 

1835 51°.3 1838 52°.2 

1836 51 .6 1839 54 .5 

1837 53 .5 1840 53 .8 

The annual mean temperature, as deduced from the preced- 
ing observations, is 52°. 84. 

The annual range of the thermometer will be seen in the 
following table. 



Years Lowest Highest 

1835 17° below 95° 112° 

1836 7 do 99 106 

1837 5 above 95 90 

1838 10 below 100 110 

1839 2 above 96 94 

1840 1 below 96 97 

Mean annual range of the thermometer, 101.5 



60 



METEOROLOGY. 



The greatest degree of cold observed was on the morning 
of February 7th, 1835, when the temperature was 17° below 
zero : this day was also the coldest, the mean temperature be- 
ing 5° below zero : besides this the mean temperature of no 
day has been below zero during the above years. 

The greatest temperature observed was in August, 1838, 
just before a violent thunder storm, when the thermometer 
rose to 100°. 

The mean temperature of the warmest day, July 29th, 
1838, was 86°. 7, so that the mean temperature of the day has 
a range of 92° ; however, in any one year the range has not 
exceeded 87°. The warmest days in the year have almost 
uniformly occurred between the 15th of July, and the 1st of 
August. 

The following table shows the mean temperature of each 
month for six years. 



Years. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


March. 


April. 


May. 


June. 


1835 


34.6 


24.5 


40.1 


50.5 


65.3 


71.2 


1836 


30.6 


28.8 


36.1 


55.6 


65.8 


70.4 


1837 


30.1 


36.6 


41.8 


48.3 


62.5 


70.1 


1838 


36.4 


20.9 


48.4 


50.5 


56.7 


73.0 


1839 


38.0 


37.0 


44.9 


60.2 


66.0 


69.5 


1840 


25.7 


42.0 


47.7 


57.4 


63.2 


70.8 


Mean. 


32.6 


31.6 


43.2 


53.7 


63.2 


70.8 



Years. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1835 


71.7 


69.1 


59.1 


55.8 


43.3 


31.4 


1836 


75.8 


71.6 


69.3 


46.2 


38.7 


30.6 


1837 


75.3 


72.4 


64.9 


55.8 


44.1 


35.5 


1838 


79.2 


77.7 


66.4 


50.6 


39.0 


28.2 


1839 


76.2 


73.5 


61.1 


60.3 


37.3 


30.6 


1840 


75.4 


74.7 


61.8 


54.3 


40.9 


32.4 


Mean. 


75.6 


73.2 


63.8 


53.8 


40.5 


31.6 



METEOROLOGY. 61 

An inspection of the preceding table will show that the 
mean heat of February and December are the same ; if, how- 
ever, the temperature of February 1840, which was unusually 
high, is left out of the calculation, the mean temperature of Feb- 
ruary would be about 29 degrees ; this Avould make it on an 
average the coldest month of the year, a remark, which, it is 
believed, accords with the experience of observers, the great- 
est degree of cold during the years above named, having oc- 
curred in this month. 

It is believed that a much greater number of observations, 
than are given above, ought to be combined in order to give 
an accurate expression for the mean temperature of each 
month ; for, it is a general rule that the number of observa- 
tions should be great in proportion that the period of time is 
short for which the mean heat is required. With a few ex- 
ceptions, the mean temperature of the months, as given above, 
corresponds remarkably well with that given by our distin- 
guished fellow-citizen Dr. Drake, in his picture of Cincinnati 
published twenty-six years ago. 

The monthly extremes and ranges for the last six years are 
averaged and stated in the following table. 

January from 5° to 62° . • • Range 57° 

February from — 3.5 to 63 . • .Range 66.5 

March from 9 .5 to 75 .5 . • Range 66 

April from 26.5 to 87 . . • Range 60.5 

May from 38.5 to 91 ... Range 52 5 

June from 49 to 94 . . . Range 45 

July from 54 to 96 • - . Range 42 

August from 52 to 94 . • - Range 42 

September from 38 to 89 . • . Range 51 

October from 27 to 83 • . • Range 56 

November from 12 to 69 . . . Range 57 

December from 5 to 58 . • • Rano-e 53 

o 

From the above it will be seen, that the greatest range 
occurs in February and March, and the least in July and 
August. 



METEOROLOGY. 



The following table for the year 1840, contams several partic- 
ulars with regard to the temperature, that may be interesting. 



o 

GO 


s 

9 
1 


E 

s 

.§ 

0) 

55 


56 


1 

a 

o 

i 

i 


3 

11 
1 


5 

is 

t 


1 

i 


li 


1 

1 

c 

S 


ii 

^6.3 


Jan. 


— 1 


25.67 


20.45 


31.84 


15 


6.6 


29 


Feb. 





75 


75 


41.96 


33.96 


50.89 


1 


14.3 


19 


64.3 


Mar. 


21 


75 


54 


47.71 


40.22 


57.22 


11 


31.5 


1 


64.7 


April 


27 


91 


64 


57.40 


49.40i 66.20 


2 


43.2 


25 


77.3 


May 


42 


89 


47 


63.17 


55.40 72.25 


9 


46.2 


18 


75.3 


June 


47 


93 


46 


70.85 


62.96 81.50 


7 


59.0 


28 


81.0 


July 


50 


96 


46; 75.40 


67.20 85.20 


2 


62.7 


16 


81.8 


Aug. 


57 


93 


36 74.70 


66.70 84.00 


31 


65.8 


11 


79.6 


Sept. 


41 


85 


44 61.80 


52.43 72.80 


21 


51.2 


25 


71.0 


Oct. 


19 


82 


63 


54.32 


46.70 65.20 


25 


27.8 


1 


71.3 


Nov. 


18 


71 


53 


40.93 


34.00i 51.10 


19 


25.2 


7,29 


54.3 


Dec. 


7 


58 
96 


51 
97 


32.40 
53.86 


28.40 


38.06 


18,19 


14.8 


15 

i-16 


47.2 
81.8 


Year 


— 1 


46.48 


63.02 


Jan. 15 


6.6 



Wind. 
The following table contains the average course of the wind 
for each month in the year. 



Months. 


N. 


NE. 


E. 


SE. 


S. 


SW. 


W. 


NW. 


Jan. 


1 


4 


2 


2 


1 


7 


9 


5 


Feb. 


2 


2 


1 


1 


1 


8 


9 


4 


Mar. 


2 


2 


2 


1 


2 


7 


9 


6 


April 

May 
June 


1 
2 
2 


6 
4 
4 


2 
2 
2 


1 
1 
2 


1 
1 
2 


6 

10 

6 


8 
7 
8 


5 
4 
4 


July 
Aug. 


1 
2 


3 
5 


2 
3 


1 
1 


2 

1 


12 
6 


7 
8 


3 
5 


Sept 
Oct. 


3 
4 


5 
4 


4 
2 


2 
1 


2 
3 


4 

7 


6 

7 


4 
3 


Nov. 


1 


2 


2 


3 


1 


7 


9 


5 


Dec. 


1 


2 


1 


2 


1 


8 


12 


4 


Year. 


22 


43 

* 


25 


18 


18 


88 


99 


52 



METEOROLOGY. 63 

From the above it will be seen that westerly winds prevail 
annually on an average 239 days, or about two thirds of the 
year ; that easterly winds prevail 86 days or nearly one fourth 
of the year ; that the wind is from the north on an average 
about 22 days or one sixteenth of the year, and from the 
south about 18 days or one twentieth of the year. 

The above table is compiled from the result of 4,400 obser- 
vations made during six years. The observations were gene- 
rally made twice a day, and the wind or breeze denoted as 
being from that one of the eight principal points of the com- 
pass to which it approached the nearest. 

Bain. 
The following table shows the mean quantity of rain and 
melted snow in each month of the year, as deduced from the 
observations of six years. 

Months Mean rain Month3 Mean rain 

January • • • 2.53 inches July 3.93 inches 

February . • .3.1 inches August . . . .4.34 inches 

March .... 2.77 inches September . • 2.77 inches 

April 3.64 inches October . . . 3.44 inches 

May 6.54 inches November • • 3.73 inches 

June 5.03 inches December . • 3.06 inches 

Annual mean quantity of rain .... 44.92 inches. 

The wettest month of the year is May, and the driest Jan- 
uary. 

The greatest quantity of rain in any one month was 9 
inches; this fell in May 1836. The least quantity in any 
one month was one eighth of an inch ; this fell in October 
1839. 

The greatest quantity of rain noticed, fell during the year 
1836, the amount being 57.39 inches; the least quantity fell 
in 1839, amounting to only 30.62 inches 

The principal rains were accompanied with a south or 
south-west wind. Wet drizzly weather of several days' con- 
tinuance, is often accompanied by a north-east wind, and the 
deepest snows have uniformly been from this direction. 



64 METEOROLOGY. 

Weather. 

We have divided the days into three classes. Those that 
were clear or fair, or of which the greater part was fair, are 
denominated clear and fair days ; those of which any con- 
siderable part of the day was either fair or cloudy, are denom- 
inated variable days ; and those that were nearly or entirely 
cloudy, are denominated cloudy days. The following table 
shows the average number of days of each kind in a year. 

Clear and fair days 146 

Variable days ••114 

Cloudy days 105 

The least number of clear and fair days in any one of the 
last six years was 127, and the greatest number 164; this last 
was in 1838, when the waters in the west were so unusually 
low in autumn. 

The least number of cloudy days in any one year was 100, 
and the greatest number 116. 

The following table contains the average number of the dif- 
ferent kinds of weather, according to the preceding classifica- 
tion, for each month in the year. 

Clear and fair days. Variable days. Cloudy days. 

January 9 8 14 

February 11 8 9 

March 14 7 10 

April 12 9 9 

May 11 11 9 

June 11 14 5 

July 16 12 3 

August 12 14 5 

September .... 16 8 6 

October 14 8 9 

November 9 9 12 

December 11 6 14 

According to the preceding table, the greatest number of 
clear and fair days occurs in July and September, and the 
fewest in January and November. The greatest number of 



GEOLOGY. 



65 



cloudy days occurs in December and January, and the fewest 
in July. 

Barometer. 
The following table contains the mean height, the mini- 
mum and maximum height, and the range of the barometer at 
the Woodward college, which is situated about 150 feet above 
low water of the Ohio, and about 17 feet above the level of 
lake Erie. 



Year 


Mean height, inch. 


Min. height, inch. 


Max. h't, inches 


Range 


1835 


29.3528 


28.70 


29.89 


1.19 


1836 


29.3451 


28.66 


29.82 


1.16 


1837 


29.2908 


28.54 


29.81 


1.27 


1838 


29.3465 


28.72 


29.91 


1.19 


1839 


29.3565 


28.66 


30.04 


1.38 


1840 


29.3484 


28.53 


29.86 


1.33 


Mean 


29.34 


28.635 


29.89 


1.22 



From the above table it will be seen, 1st, that the mean 
height in any year differs very little from the annual mean 
height : 2d, that the minimum and maximum height and range 
for each year are nearly the same : 3d, that the extreme range 
is 1.51 inches. 

The greatest height of the barometer occurs when the wind 
is from the west and north-west, and the least height when it 
is from the south and south-west. 



GEOLOGY. 

Our city is situated in that part of the " geological column" 
of rocks commonly known among the learned under the name 
of " Mountain Limestone" or in the "Upper Transition for- 
mation," a place, in general below, but nearly contiguous to, 
the coal measures, but in particular at Cincinnati, considerably 
removed from the coal by the interposition of several layers 
of different sorts of rocks. Our blue limestone at'Cincinnati 

f2 - " 



66 GEOLOGY. 

is, however, very different in its character from the mountain 
limestone of England, but it is included in a formation which, 
both above and below, exhibits those characters in great per- 
fection. The country in the immediate vicinity of Cincinna- 
ti seems, in a remote period of geological history, to have 
been a level terrace about 600 feet above low water of the 
Ohio, and nearly 1,200 feet above the Atlantic ocean. This 
terrace, now modified by the valleys or channels excavated 
by the streams, is composed of alternate layers of blue clay- 
marl, and a blue or lead colored fossiliferous limestone. The 
stone is nearly pure carbonate of lime, but sometimes passing 
more or less into a soft shale or slate. The marl contains 
lime and is effervescent with acids, but still exhibits the exter- 
nal characters of a tough clay somewhat indurated. Through 
these strata the streams 'appear to have worn their present 
channels to the depth of five to six hundred feet, having left, 
at various heights above their present beds, their ancient allu- 
vion of clay, sand and gravel, often enclosing logs of wood 
and not unfrequently the remains of elephants. The larger 
streams are now found meandering through alluvial plains 
called "bottom lands," extending from half of a mile to four 
miles in width. These alluvions present at the surface a rich 
black fertile mould from six inches to two or three feet deep, 
well wrought in the native condition, by the natural cultiva- 
tors the earth-worm and the mole. Beneath this mould are 
several feet, eight to twelve perhaps, of amber-colored clay 
loam, supported often by a substratum of clay, sand or gran- 
itic gravel. The black mould and amber loam above describ- 
ed, extend over the high terrace, but often with a diminished 
thickness, and without the gravelly substratum, resting imme- 
diately on the limestone in situ. It constitutes a soil of pro- 
verbial fertility, but from the quantity of clay which it con- 
tains, it is adhesive when too wet, and stiflf and impenetrable 
when too dry. This amber-colored loam imparts its tinge to 
the waters of the Ohio during its floods, and has given origin 
to the poetical name of the "Amber Stream." The descents 



GEOLOGY. 67 

into the valleys, although steep, are generally rounded and co- 
vered with fertile soil. As the rocks, although they some- 
times " crop out," never form high cliffs, the waved and hilly 
outline seen from below is rather beautiful than picturesque. 

Cincinnati itself is built on an ancient alluvial plain, lying 
in two levels called the "upper and lower bottoms." The 
lower level, fifty to sixty feet above extreme low water of the 
Ohio, presents a deep loam ; the upper level, seventy or 
eighty feet higher than the lower one, besides the black mould 
and amber loam, has a substratum of sharp quartzose sand and 
coarse gi-anitic gravel, intermingled with limestone pebbles. 
Imbedded in this gravel have been found several bones and 
teeth of elephants. AVells and deep pits, either in the upper or 
lower level, are often filled with "choke damp" or carbonic 
acid, so as to prove fatal to the incautious laborer who attempts 
to descend ; this is especially apt to be the case, after such 
places have remained covered during the night. 

The layers of blue limestone are from the thinest possible 
to twenty-two inches or possibly two feet in thickness, com- 
pact or somewhat granular, semicrystalline, strong and dura- 
ble and well calculated for many economical purposes, such 
as affording lime for mortar, "metal" for roads, stones for 
pavements, and for foundations, and even a handsome dark 
marble for interior architecture. They are often literally fill- 
ed with marine fossils, such as corallines, trilobites, enchrinites, 
orthoceritites and various univalve and bivalve shells. Peo- 
ple ordinarily mistake these for petrifactions of objects now 
found in the country, but they are all the products of a primi- 
tive ocean. The blue limestone of Cincinnati is the lowest 
rock which occurs within several hundred miles, and occupies 
a space at least a thousand feet in thickness. Although its 
layers lie apparently in an exact level, yet they decline both 
to the east and to the west so as ultimately to disappear under 
other strata, and finally, with those strata, under tlie two great 
coal fields which commence between one and two hundred 
miles on both sides of the city. The strata intervening be- 



68 GEOLOGY. 

tween the blue limestone and the coal formation, begin to be 
found at the surface between forty and one hundred miles from 
our city, concealing that limestone from view. Proceeding 
upward, they are, in thickness, as follows. 

1st. Blue fossiliferous limestone of Cincinnati, • 1,000 ft. 
2d. The proper mountain limestone, or cliiT-lime- 

stone, 200 

3d. Bituminous shale, 250 

4th. Fine-grained sandstone used for building in 

Cincinnati, 350 

5th. A coarse pebbly or conglomerate sandstone, 

which includes shale, limestone, iron, salt and 

coal 2,000 

As the limits of this article do not permit a separate des- 
cription of these formations, the reader is referred to my re- 
port to the legislature of Ohio on the geology of the south- 
western part of the state, and to Dr. Owen's report, including 
my own, to the congress of the United States, on the geology 
of the mineral lands of Iowa, Wisconsin and Illinois. It was 
discovered by Dr. Owen and myself, in the survey of the 
last named region, that its rocks, including the immense treas- 
ures of iron, zinc, lead and copper, were identical with the 
cliff-limestone of Ohio, showing itself at the Yellow Springs, 
at Dayton, Columbus, and West Union in Ohio, and at Mad- 
ison in Indiana, at all of which places it is more or less me- 
taliferous. Wherever I have examined this cliff-limestone, it 
appears to be minutely identical in geological position, in ex- 
ternal and chemical characters, and in mineral contents with 
the mountain limestone of Great Britain as it exhibits itself in 
Derbyshire. I arrived at this conclusion independent of au- 
thorities, and I find that Mr. Featherstonehaugh had come to 
the same conclusion in reference to the rocks of the upper 
Mississipi. The name, cliff-limestone, has been applied by 
the inhabitants of some parts of Ohio to this rock, from its 
peculiar disposition to form massive abrupt cliffs and precipi- 
ces, often eighty or one hundred feet in height. In England 



GEOLOGY. 69 

it is provincially called " scar-limestone," and Dr. Owen as- 
certained that the obsolete word scar signified nearly the same 
thing as cliff. Hence it would seem that its peculiar pictu- 
resque outline is a natural distinctive character. 

The blue fossiliferous limestone of Cincinnati, after plung- 
ing under the great coal field of Illinois in company with the 
cliff or proper mountain limestone, reappears at Dubuque, 
where it is diminished to a few feet in thickness, while the su- 
perincumbent cliff stone, filled with veins of lead ore, is de- 
veloped into a stratum of six hundred feet in height. The 
blue limestone extends to Prairie du Chien, to the falls of St. 
Anthony and some distance up the river St. Peter's, but in a 
layer of only twenty feet or less. At Prairie du Chien it is 
raised some hundreds of feet above the water of the Missis- 
sipi, and exhibits underneath it a renewal of the cliff rock, 
but with fewer fossils. As our blue limestone is then includ- 
ed in the mountain limestone and alternates with it, I am in- 
clined to consider it a peculiar member of that limestone. 
From this brief sketch every geologist would anticipate our 
local advantages. Situated in the centre of the inexhaustibly 
fertile region of the blue limestone with its alternations of 
enriching marl, midway between the two largest and most 
easily wrought coal fields in the world, and also between in- 
exhaustible beds of excellent iron ore, with every facility of 
natural water communication, so that even the treasures of the 
Mississipi mines come to our doors almost spontaneously; 
with a fine climate and with every material for the foundation 
and the superstructure of a city, it must be from a wanton 
abuse of the benevolent munificence of our Creator if we fail 
to continue to be prosperous and happy. 

The natural waters of the vicinity of Cincinnati, are such 
as might be anticipated from the geology. The wells and 
springs aflford clear, cool, "limestone water," viz. water hold- 
ing carbonate of lime in solution. The waters of the Mia- 
mis, especially when low, contain lime to such an extent as 
to be too hard for washing. This might be expected, as they 



TO MAGNETISM. 

have their origin and course through limestone rocks. The 
proper cliff-limestone is often magnesian, and sulphate of mag- 
nesia is not an uncommon ingredient in waters from particular 
localities, as at Pace's wells. The waters of the Ohio, flow- 
ing chiefly over the sandstone and shales of the coal meas- 
ures, until within seventy or eighty miles of our city, are but 
slightly impregnated with mineral matter, and are so soft as 
scarcely to coagulate a solution of soap. Although rather 
bland in taste, the " hydrant water" of our city, raised from 
the Ohio, is reputed to be healthy, and less liable to disagree 
with strangers accustomed only to soft water, than that of 
springs or wells. 

MAGNETISM. 

Popular Elementary Definitions. 

The elements of terrestrial magnetism consist simply of 
the force, power, or intensity with which the earth attracts 
the magnetized needle, and of the direction in which that force 
acts ; but, from the vast importance of the horizontal or com- 
pass-needle, both in navigation and surveying, and from the 
facility of suspending and experimenting with the same, it is 
customary to estimate certain elements of the needle in that 
position, although it is seldom the direction — never in our la- 
titude — in which, if allowed to move freely in all directions, 
it would place itself. The quantities sought to be measured 
are usually four : 

First. The declination, "variation," or direction of the ho- 
rizontal needle, as it respects the true astronomical north or 
south points. 

Second. The force, or intensity with which the horizontal 
needle is attracted by the earth, and held in its direction : this 
is called the horizontal intensity. 

Third. The dip, or true course in which a needle, perfect- 
ly free to move in all directions, would finally rest and be held 
by the earth's attraction. 



MAGNETISM. 71 

Fourth. The force or intensity with which the needle, in 
the direction of the dip, is attracted by the earth : this is call- 
ed the total intensity.^ 

Magnetical Declination or Variation. 

Most persons are aware that the compass-needle does not 
everywhere point to the true north, but varies in its direction 
in different places on the earth's surface, in such a manner 
that it either points east of it, directly towards it, or west of 
it. The force with which the earth attracts or pulls such a 
needle, so as to hold it in its direction, and cause it to vibrate 
if it be moved out of that direction and be suffered freely to 
return, is called the horizontal intensity, and is measured by 
the quickness of the vibrations. Thus, when there are a 
greater number of vibrations of the same needle, in the same 
time, the horizontal intensity is greater, being as the squares 
of the numbers of such vibrations. A vibrating needle used 
for determining the intensity, is a "magnetical pendulum," 
acted upon by magnetism as a clock pendulum is by gravi- 
tation. 

Magnetical Dip, 

Make a needle of tempered steel, with pivots at the sides, 
so that it can turn like a cannon, and point up or down ; bal- 
ance it so nicely that it will stay in any position in which you 
place it : this must be done while the steel has no magnet- 
ism. Next, magnetize that needle by " touching" it with 
magnets, as directed in the books on magnetism. Lastly, 
place the pivots in proper supports, exactly crosswise of the 
line in which the compass-needle points : it will no longer re- 
main balanced, especially in the horizontal position, but, in 
the latitude of the United States, the north end will turn down, 
nearer to a perpendicular than to a level. This turning down, 
or out of the level, is called the dip ; it is measured by the 
number of degrees which the north end descends from a level 

* To avoid a circumlocution of language, the earth's attraction is named 
without expressing particularly the mutual attraction between the earth and 
needle. 



7% MAGNETISM. 

line. The dip increases as we travel northward, until at a 
point north of the western part of Hudson's Bay, it points 
directly downward. At or near the equator there is no dip, 
or the dipping-needle lies level; and south of that point, 
the south end of the needle descends, as does the north end 
in the northern hemisphere. 

Now, whatever direction the dipping-needle takes, it is held 
there by a magnetical force of the earth, which, when it is mov- 
ed out of that direction, draws it back again, and causes it to 
vibrate like a pendulum, and, finally, to settle at the proper 
dip. If the force be greater, the vibrations will be quicker : 
this force is called the total intensity, and is not usually as- 
certained by the vibrations of the dipping-needle, but is de- 
duced by calculations from the horizontal intensity, and the 
dip, at any locality. This force, on the whole, increases as 
we proceed northwardly ; but the horizontal intensity, in con- 
sequence of the increase of the dip, diminishes in the same 
direction. At the magnetic pole, where the dip would be 90 
degrees, (viz : the dipping-needle perpendicular,) the horizon- 
tal intensity would be nothing, and the common compass-nee- 
dle would point in one direction as soon as in another — the 
magnetical force of the earth pulling it, at all points, directly 
downward upon the supporting pivot. 

Now, to measure these four quantities, in different locali- 
ties, as accurately as possible, has been a part of my labors in 
the late brief survey of a part of our territories. 

Some sorts of iron ores have an influence on the magnetic 
needle, and change either its direction or its intensity. The 
effect of such ore increases directly as the quantity or mass, 
and diminishes as the squares of the distances increase ; and 
although the mass may be large, yet, from the effect of depth 
or distance, the indication may be too slight to be observed, 
unless by the most delicate instruments, skilfully used. By 
means of these, we may be guided to vast mineralogical treas- 
ures ; for, however desirous we may be to discover gold and 
silver mines, iron is the more useful metal. In Iowa, one 



MAGNETISM. 73 

magnetical node has been discovered, which may be produced 
hy z ^^ subterra7ieous iron mountain." Independently, how- 
ever, of any economical views, it will be a matter of gratifi- 
cation to the scientific world to receive a small contribution 
to their fund of magnetical knowledge ; for an effort is now 
making to collect and imbody as many accurate magnetical 
observations as possible, in order the more fully to determine 
the changes, distributions, and general laws of this wonderful 
force, and to make it still more subservient to the purposes of 
general utility. 

A very interesting report on the subject of magnetical ob- 
servations has lately been made to the Royal Society, by sir 
J. F. W. Herschell. Upon the approval of that report by the 
society, a deputation was requested to communicate certain 
resolutions to Lord Melbourne, and to urge on the government 
the adoption of the measures therein proposed. "This," 
says the editor of the Journal of the Franklin Institute, " has 
produced its desired effect upon her majesty's ministers, who 
have appointed three officers of artillery, with adequate at- 
tendants, to go, respectively, to Montreal, to the Cape of 
Good Hope, and to St. Helena, to make experiments on the 
variations and dip of the needle, and the intensity of mag- 
netism, frequently and simultaneously, each day, for three 
years," &;c. 

TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM AT CINCINNATI. 

Magnetical Declination or Variation, 
In 1825, Mr. Gest, the city surveyor, and myself, found 
the compass-needle to point 5° 15' east of due north. In 
1840, the above quantity had diminished to 4° 46' east of 
due north. 

Magnetical Dip, 
Since March, 1840, I have continued to make monthly 
observations on the dip and horizontal intensity. The fol- 



n 



MAGNETISiM. 



lowing table exhibits his results as regards the dip, up to Jan- 
uary, 1841. 



s 


00 00 «5 J> l« l>; Ti^ CQ CD « O 
f^00-rt<t*Q0ibf'Oi0D^B^ 
ooooooooooo 

ooooooooooo 


00 




lo o oi ^^ oi 00 irt (^} CO Tj^^ 00 
t^oo-Tt^f-B-ibt^aiaDibo 

ooooooooooo 

OOOOOOOOOOO 


o 
\n 
i> 

(M 

o 

O 


-2 

Oh 


Ob-OCQ«in»iOOOJ>0 

ir3oomocDcQi>ooaom 

C<l^TJHOOCOCOC^Or-HC<J 
ooooooooooo 

ooooooooooo 


o 

O 

1> 


O 


h. m. h. m. 

2 30 to 3 30 P. M. 
9 46 to 10 40 A. M. 

10 35 to 11 35 A. M. 

11 34 to 12 30 M. 
5 30 to 6 30 P. M. 

11 30 to 12 30 M. 
10 00 to 11 00 A. M. 

9 00 to 10 45 A. M. 

9 30 to 10 30 A. M. 

10 15 to 11 15 A. M. 

11 00 to 12 00 M. 


§ 

l-H 

o 

o 
o 

I— 1 




1840 
March 6, 
April 21, 
May 21, 
June 22, 
July 18, 
July 19, 
August 18, 
Sept. 24, 
October 22, 
Novem. 20, 
Decern. 23, 

1841 


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.3 



MAGNETISM. 75 

Magnetical Intensity. 
By means of observations made at Greenwich and West- 
bourn Green, (England,) and at Cincinnati, I have determin- 
ed the total intensity or force of terrestrial magnetism to be 
greater at Cincinnati than at Greenwich, in the ratio of 1,000 
to 1,270. 

Line of equal Dip of London. 

This line which, in 1837, was by my observation 69° 23', 
passes more than a degi-ee south of Cincinnati, and advanc- 
ing westward, passes through Princeton in Indiana, lat. 38° 
23' north, long. 87° 30' west, and crosses the Mississipi river 
about fifteen miles south of St. Louis, in Missouri. 

Besides the observations from which the above determina- 
tions have been made, I have extended my researches over a 
large portion of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, 
Iowa and Wisconsin. A part of the results of my labors may 
be found in Dr. Owen's Report on the mineral lands of the 
United States. 

Wishing you success in your laborious and useful enter- 
prise, permit me to subscribe myself, 

Very respectfully yours, 

John Locke. 

The preceding communications on geology and magnetism, 
from professor Locke of the Medical College of Ohio, embo- 
dy the results of his researches on those subjects to the latest 
dates. The scientific reader needs no testimony of mine on 
their value. 



76 CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. 

CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. 

Public Works of Inter-communication connecting Cincin- 
nati ivith the adjoining country. 
Works of inter-communication, with rare exceptions, follow 
the valleys of a country, because, not only easier and cheaper 
to make, but also, because these valleys supply the largest por- 
tion of produce to be transported to market. 
. Cincinnati is a central point, in the valley of the Ohio, to a 
great region of country, which is directly dependent upon it, 
both as a consumer and a shipper of produce. An inspec- 
tion of the map shows the following valleys immediately con- 
nected with it. 

1. The small, but exceedingly fertile valley of Millcreek, 
which is about twenty miles in length, from two to three 
miles in breadth, and terminates precisely at the city. This 
is the only opening through which a road can reach the 
city without passing over hills, and descending steep de- 
clivities. In consequence of this natural formation of the 
ground, the "Hamilton road," as it is called, was, for many 
years, almost the only avenue by which business was trans- 
acted with the back country, and is still the most important 
road. 

2. The next valley is that of the Little Miami Biver, 
which is a considerable stream, but unfit for navigation, — 
emptying into the Ohio at Columbia, and about seven miles 
from and above Main street, Cincinnati. The valley of this 
river is near eighty miles in length, of various breadth, and 
great fertility. This stream furnishes a large water power, 
and has many mills upon it. 

3. The third, and indeed principal valley of the tributary 
streams connected with Cincinnati is the Great Miami River. 
The valley of this stream is one hundred and twenty miles in 
length, and in places several miles in diameter. Throughout 
its whole length it is one of extreme productiveness, and of 



CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. 77 

inexhaustible soil. This valley terminates about twenty- 
miles below Cincinnati. 

4. Very near the mouth of the Great Miami, the Whitewa- 
ter River joins it, and may, therefore, be considered as form- 
ing a separate valley; the whole of which lies in Indiana, but 
trades entirely with Cincinnati. 

5. The next and last valley connected immediately with 
Cincinnati is that of Licking River, which empties into the 
Ohio, exactly opposite Cincinnati. This stream lies in Ken- 
tucky, but the region adjoining it trades chiefly with this city. 
This valley is more than two hundred miles in length ; much 
of the lower part is fertile and productive : the upper part is 
mountainous, but abundant in mineral resources. 

We shall describe the works of inter-communication con- 
nected with Cincinnati, in the natural order of the valleys re- 
lating to it. 

1. The first and most important of these valleys, is the 
Great Miami river, and accordingly, through that, and in con- 
nection with the Millcreek valley, was constructed the earliest 
and most important of the great works connected with Cin- 
cinnati ; this is the Miami canal. This work was commenced 
at the same time with the Ohio canal, and finished in 1828. 
The original work only extended about sixty-seven miles, to 
the mouth of Mad river, now the very flourishing town of 
Dayton. Since that it has been extended, under the name of 
the Miami Canal Extension, to Piqua (about eighty-three 
miles,) and is now in rapid progress to Defiance, at the junc- 
tion of the Auglaise river with the Maumee, whence it is con- 
tinued to Lake Erie, under the name of the Wabash canal. 
From Cincinnati to the rapids of Maumee is about two hun- 
dred and ninety miles, and the whole work, it is confidently 
anticipated, will be finished within two years. At present the 
only part in use is from Cincinnati to Piqua, eighty-three 
miles. The Miami canal proper has for the last two 'years 
paid more than the interest of the debt incurred for its con- 
struction — the highest evidence of its utility. In connection 

G 2 



78 CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. 

with Cincinnati, however, one of its chief benefits is the vast 
water poiaer which it has brought to the aid of manufactur- 
ing industry. The original estimate of the amount of this wa- 
ter power was three thousand cubic feet per minute, or equiv- 
alent to the power necessary to turn sixty pair of mill-stones. 
Most of this power is now in use within the corporate limits 
of Cincinnati, and is of itself sufficient to build up a consider- 
able town. 

2. The next most important valley is that of the Whitewa- 
ter — the whole of which, however, lies in Indiana, and by 
means of which a large portion of the Indiana trade is secured 
to this city. To facilitate the transportation of goods and pro- 
duce on this route two works have been planned, and are now 
nearly completed. The first is the Whitewater canal, which 
is undertaken and partially completed by the state of Indiana. 
This canal, by the original plan, was to extend from Cam- 
bridge city, on the national road — Wayne county — to Law- 
renceburgh, on the Ohio — Dearborn county. The work be- 
ing constructed by that state, was of course terminated with- 
in Indiana. The part of that work finished is from Brook- 
ville— Franklin county — to Lawrenceburgh, a distance of near- 
ly forty miles. This part is in complete operation, and from 
Brookville to Cambridge city is begun, but was suspended by 
the general suspension of the state works ; it will, doubtless, 
be finished to Cambridge city at an early day. By the origi- 
nal plan of improvement in Indiana, this work is to be con- 
nected with the Wabash canal, at or near Munceytown. The 
next work, connected with this valley, is the Cinciyinati and 
Whitewater canal. This is about twenty-five miles in length, 
and connects the Whitewater canal of Indiana at Harrison (on 
the state line) with Cincinnati. This work is nearly finished, 
and it is presumed will be entirely so during the year 1841. 

The general result produced by these two works will be 
the immediate connection of Cincinnati, not merely with the 
Whitewater valley, but with the whole eastern half of Indi- 
ana, of which this city is really the capital. 



CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. 79 

3. The next most important work is the improvement of 
the Licking river navigation. This was undertaken by the 
state of Kentucky, by means of locks and dams ; making slack- 
water pools of sufficient size to permit the navigation of small 
steamboats of 1 50 tons burthen. This slack-water navigation 
is by the original law and plan to be finally opened to West 
Liberty, a distance of two hundred and thirty-one miles, in 
which, however, the descent is only three hundred and one 
feet. The legislature has directed eight locks to be put under 
contract, which will extend the navigation to the Blue Licks, 
ninety-four miles. Five of these locks are under contract, and 
some of them nearly completed. These five, when finished, 
carry the navigation to Falmouth, fifty-one miles. It is pre- 
sumed they will be finished during 1841 ; and if so, a steam- 
packet will be immediately put on the river. 

The advantages of this navigation to Cincinnati extend 
much beyond those of merely transporting agricultural pro- 
ducts. One additional object of this improvement is to ren- 
der great mineral regions accessible to markets. Iron occurs 
at about one hundred and forty miles from the mouth of the 
Licking — Bath and Fleming counties — and inexhaustible beds 
lie higher up. Furnaces and forges have been in operation 
in this region for a number of years. Coal occurs at more 
than two hundred miles, and is there found in great abundance 
and of good quality. Hydraulic limestone is found on the 
river near its mouth. In addition to these advantages, valua- 
ble ivater poiuer will be afforded at each of the locks. 

4. The next work of importance to the commerce of Cin- 
cinnati, is the Little Miami railroad. This lies wholly in 
the valley of the Little Miami river. It commences on the 
eastern edge of Cincinnati, passes just above the main street 
of Fulton till it reaches the turn of the Ohio hills, at Colum- 
bia, and then pursues the valley of the Miami to Xenia, sixty- 
six miles, and thence to Springfield, eighty-five miles, which 
is the whole surveyed and chartered length of the road. About 
thirty-five miles of this road are graded, and more under con- 



80 CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. 

tract. The iron rails for fifteen miles are bought, and locomo- 
tives to run on the road procured. The fifteen miles from 
Cincinnati, it is supposed, will be in operation by the 1st of 
September, 1841. Funds are procured to finish the whole 
road from Cincinnati to Xenia, and it will, no doubt, be com- 
pleted to Springfield. 

The object of this road is two-fold. 1st. To form a con- 
necting link in a railroad communication with Wheeling and 
the eastern states, through Columbus, the seat of government. 
2nd. To transport the products of the valley through which it 
passes. Few of the railroad communications in tlie United 
States promise to be more profitable to either the community 
or the proprietors. A complete railroad communication from 
Baltimore to Cincinnati must soon be constructed, and indeed 
is already in course of rapid construction. When completed 
the Little Miami railroad will be the most important link, 
i. 5. The next class of improvements are Turnpike or Mc- 
Adam roads. These, of course, are not confined to the val- 
leys, but cross the country in every direction, and in a few 
years past have multiplied with great rapidity, and added much 
to the value of lands in this vicinity. This class of improve- 
ments may — in their relation to Cincinnati — be divided into 
two kinds : first, those which lead directly from Cincinnati ; 
and second, those which are subsidiary to the former, or 
branch from them. 

Of the first kind are: 1. The Cincinnati and Hamilton 
turnpike. This leads from the northern part of the city 
through the valley of Millcreek to Hamilton, on the Great 
Miami, about twenty-five miles. This is nearly completed. 

2. The Harrison turnpike ^ which goes to the west and 
terminates in Harrison, on the dividing line between Ohio and 
Indiana, and is twenty miles in length. It crosses the Great 
Miami at Miamitown on a bridge, and strikes the Whitewater 
canal at Harrison. This road is completed. 

3. The Lebanon and Springfield turnpike. This goes 
directly to the north, and is completed to Waynesville, about 



CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. 81 

forty miles ; thence it is expected to be soon finished to Spring- 
field. There it will join the national road, and make a com- 
plete turnpike to Columbus. 

4. The Cincinnati and Wooster turnpike. This leaves 
the city on the east, through Fulton, and is completed to Go- 
shen — Clermont county — about twenty miles. 

5. The Covington, Georgetown and Lexington turnpike. 
This road is on the Kentucky side, and proceeds from Cov- 
ington directly south to Lexington. From Covington ten 
miles are finished, and from Lexington twelve miles ; of the 
residue fifteen miles are graded, and the road will, in a rea- 
sonable time, be finished. 

Of the tributary turnpikes, or those which indirectly lead 
to Cincinnati, the following are the most conspicuous. 

1. The Dayton, Lebanon and Centreville turnpike. This 
is twenty-one miles in length, is finished, and completes an 
entire turnpike from Cincinnati to Dayton, fifty miles in length. 
2. The Dayton and Springfield turnpike — eighteen miles 
in length ; which, by connecting Dayton and Springfield on 
the national road, makes a complete turnpike from Cincin- 
nati to Baltimore. 3. The Great Miami turnpike. This 
will complete another turnpike through the valley of the Mi- 
ami to Dayton. 4. The Goshen, Wilmington and Colum- 
bus turnpike. This carries on the Wooster turnpike from 
Goshen to Columbus, and is in progress. 5. The Batavia 
and Miami Bridge turnpike leaves the Wooster turnpike at 
Columbia and goes to Batavia, twenty-one miles from Cincin- 
nati. This turnpike is about finished. 6. The Milford and 
Chillicothe turnpike. This begins at about fifteen miles from 
Cincinnati, where it intersects the Cincinnati and Wooster 
turnpike, and thence proceeds through Hillsborough and Bain- 
bridge to Chillicothe; from Bainbridge to Chillicothe it is 
in common with the Zanesville and Maysville turnpike. Near- 
ly forty miles between Cincinnati and Chillicothe are turnpik- 
ed. 7. The Colerain, Hamilton and Oxford turnpike. This 
will complete a turnpike from Oxford to Cincinnati, by way of 



83 CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. 

Colerain. 8. The Hamilton, Rossville and Eaton turnpike. 
This makes a turnpike from Cincinnati to Eaton — Preble coun- 
ty — by way of Hamilton. 9. The Cirdeville and Washington 
turnpike. This leaves the Cincinnati and Wooster turnpike 
at Washington — Fayette county — and proceeds to Cirdeville. 
There are, then, seventeen turnpikes which either directly or 
indirectly lead to and from Cincinnati. These again are join- 
ed by others, which cross them, so that the whole country 
which trades with Cincinnati directly, and is, in some measure, 
dependent upon it as a market, is now interlaced with roads, 
canals, and other works, which greatly aid in facilitating com- 
merce. The region thus connected by this system of public 
works, embraces within its bounds at least half a million of 
persons, and must speedily quadruple that number, and may 
easily sustain eight millions of people without being excessive- 
ly populous. It is by contemplating this fact, in connection 
with the vast internal commerce, arising from the wants and 
industry of such a people, active, free, and prosperous, that we 
can adequately comprehend the rapid and permanent growth 
of Cincinnati. 

The works we have enumerated may all be considered as 
finished at an early day. They amount in the sum total to 
the following aggregate : — 

1. Miami canal 63 miles • • finished. 

2. Miami canal extension, includ- 

ing the Wabash canal .... 227 miles • • in progress. 

3. Whitewater canal 70 miles . • in progress. 

4. Little Miami railroad 85 miles • • in progress. 

5. Licking river navigation . . • 230 miles • • in progress. 

6. Covington and Lexington turn- 

pike 80 miles • . in progress 

7. Turnpike to Dayton, via. Leb- 

anon 51 miles • • finished. 

8. Harrison turnpike 20 miles . • finished. 

9. Dayton and Springfield turnpike 18 miles . • finished. 

10. Turnpike to Batavia 21 miles • • finished. 

11. Cincinnati to Columbus, via. 

Wilmington 100 miles • . in progress. 



CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. 83 

12. Cincinnati to Chillicothe, via. 

Milford 75 miles • • in progress. 

13. Lebanon to Springfield 42 miles • . in progress. 

14. Cincinnati to Oxford, via. Cole- 

rain 35 miles • • in progress. 

15. Hamilton to Eaton 30 miles • • in progress. 

16. Great Miami turnpike 38 miles • • in progress. 

Total 1125 miles. 

There are, it thus appears, eleven hundred and twenty-five 
miles of canals, railroads, and turnpikes, concentrating on Cin- 
cinnati, and all tending to multiply, increase, and strengthen 
the lines of inter-communication between the city of Cincin- 
nati, and the great interior country. A very large portion of 
this system is already completed, and the residue is in rapid 
progress. These works, when completed, will have cost the 
great sum of twelve millions of dollars, more than one half of 
which has already been expended. No city in the Union has, 
it is believed, the benefit of an equal amount of valuable pub- 
lic works, centring in itself, and certainly none in the world 
can show the same result for the same time.* This result, no- 
ble as it is, could never have been attained if Cincinnati had 
not, from its early settlement, had the council and efforts in 
its behalf of a large portion of wise, far-reaching, and patriotic 
citizens, who in many instances sought the public welfare even 
at the expense of their private interests. 

*We have not, in the above article, said any thing in respect to the " Cin- 
cinnati and Charleston railroad." By some persons this may be considered 
as having failed. It is not so— iV is in rapid progress. The opposition of 
Kentucky at one time, and the great depression of the monied world, have 
prevented any action at this end of the line. The state of Georgia, howev- 
er, has constructed hundreds of miles of railroad, the object of which is to 
connect Augusta and Savannah with the west. From Augusta to Charles- 
ton, a railroad is in operation. The whole line will soon be finished to 
Knoxville, Tennessee. When there, its progress to the Ohio river may be 
considered certain. 



84 CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. 

MIAMI CANAL. 

Tolls. 

1828 8,507 69 1835 4«,561 75 

1829 20,947 92 1836 52,048 15 

1830 30,125 77 1837 66,154 72 

1831 34,016 71 1838 81,431 24 

1832 40,974 73 1839 79,770 29 

1833 52,014 03 1840 74,320 99 

1834 50,963 11 

Exports and imports 637,837 10 

A statement of most of the different kinds of produce and 
property arrived and cleared by the Miami canal at Cincinnati, 
for the years ending November 30, 1839, and November 30, 

1840:— 

Arrived, 1839. 

Flour 138,120 bbls. 

Whisky 43,228 bbls. 

Linseed-oil 100 bbls. 

Pork 26,921 bbls. 

do 2,317 hhds. 

do 4,077,775 lbs. 

Lard 2,562,192 lbs 

Corn, oats, and rye 1,357,187 lbs. 

Grass-seed 38,467 lbs. 

Barley 33,741 lbs. 

Butter and eggs 103,207 lbs. 

Wool 3,910 lbs. 

Cotton-yarns 36,160 lbs. 

Dried fruit 2,000 lbs. 

Machinery 11,414 lbs. 

Brooms 12,116 lbs. 

Sundries 1,913,476 lbs. 

Live hogs 1,365 lbs. 

Wood 8,253 cords. 

Hay 34 tons. 

Passengers 8,159 

Traveled 326,436 miles. 

Cleared, 1839. 

Pork 65 bbls. 

Salt 7,033,655 lbs. 



CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. 85 

Pork 8,997 lbs. 

Pig-iron 659,371 lbs. 

Castings 1,449,788 lbs. 

Merchandise 8,664,640 lbs. 

Iron and nails 3,191,085 lbs. 

Wool 23,886 lbs. 

Hides and skins, 23,231 lbs.. 

Machinery 63,692 lbs. 

Agricultural implements 179,184 lbs. 

Grind-stones 139,733 lbs. 

Cut stone 142,400 lbs. 

Hoop-poles 245,653 lbs. 

Staves and heading 2,220 lbs. 

Brooms 4,880 lbs. 

Mill-stones 5,874 lbs. 

Sundries 2,097,173 lbs. 

Corn 29,504 bushels. 

Mineral coal 52,537 bushels. 

Rough stone 910 perch. 

Lumber 2,150,641 feet. 

Shingles and lath 6,377 M. 

Cotton 473 bales. 

Arrived, 1840. 

Flour 165,762 bbls. 

Whisky 74,026 bbls. 

Lmseed-oil 386 bbls. 

Pork 17,687 bbls. 

do 787 hhds. 

do. m bulk 2,192,160 lbs. 

Beef 865 bbls. 

do. in bulk 12,138 lbs. 

Lard 20,638 kegs. 

Corn, oats, &c. 2,329,456 lbs. 

Grass-seed 13,375 lbs. 

Barley and malt 89,016 lbs. 

Butter and eggs 212,048 lbs. 

Sundries 1,268,289 lbs. 

Live hogs 2,121 heads. 

Wood 7,290 cords. 

Passengers 6,250 

Traveled 245,837 miles. 

H 



86 CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. 

Cleared, 1840. 

Ohio salt 1,811,659 lbs. 

Foreign salt 4,766,869 lbs. 

Pig-iron 308,142 lbs. 

Castings 496,143 lbs. 

Merchandise 5,566,282 lbs. 

Iron and nails 2,007,192 lbs. 

Cut stone 176,850 lbs. 

Hoop-poles 368,011 lbs. 

Sundries 902,667 lbs. 

Mineral coal 54,282 bushels. 

Lumber 2,205,189 ft. 

Shingles 4,990 M. 

Cotton 691 bales. 

The Miami canal has been closed by ice on an average, du- 
ring the thirteen years it has been in operation, thirty-two 
days for each year, the shortest period being twelve days in 
1835, and the longest being eighty-seven days in 1831. 

Cincinnati and WJiitewater Canal. 

The canal commissioners' report for the year 1838, shows 
that the amount paid for the original construction of the Ohio 
canal, up to the first day of December, 1838, was $4,624,463. 
The gross receipts of tolls on that canal, during that year, was 
$382,136, from which the sum of $199,695 is to be deduct- 
ed for the cost of repairs, collections, &;c. leaving the nelt 
revenue of the Ohio canal for the year 1838, of $182,441, or 
nearly four and one-eighth per cent, on the whole cost of the 
canal. The same report states that the total cost of the Mi- 
ami canal, from Cincinnati to Dayton, is $1,020,000. The 
nett amount of tolls received during the year 1838, after de- 
ducting the cost of repairs and the expense of collection, &;c., 
was $40,306 15, or nearly four per cent, on the original cost. 

The report of the board of public works for the year 1839, 
shows the original cost of the Ohio canal to have been, up to 
the date of that report, $4,641,357; and that the nett pro- 
ceeds of the tolls for the year 1839 was $209,773, or a frac- 
tion over four and a half per cent, on the total cost. In rela- 



CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. 87 

tion to the revenue of the Miami canal, for that year, the re- 
port states that " the exhibit of tolls and water-rents discover 
a steady and regular increase in its revenues." 

During the year 1840, just closed, the governor in his mes- 
sage at the opening of the session, states that " the nett profits 
arising from tolls on the Miami canal exceeded six per cent. 
on the total cost of construction." 

From the late report of the auditor of state, we find that 
the nett proceeds of tolls on both canals during the past year, 
after deducting $166,186 for the cost of repairs, &c. was 
$376,144. By adding the total cost of the two canals togeth- 
er we make the sum of $5,661,367 as the cost of construc- 
tion of both canals ; and the proceeds of the tolls for the last 
year yields nearly six and one tenth per cent, on the above 
total cost, which is more than sufficient to pay the interest on 
the money borrowed for the construction of the two canals. 

The Ohio canal was opened for navigation throughout its 
entire length, in the fall of 1832, and in the lapse of eight 
years the nett proceeds of the tolls amount to more than the 
interest upon the whole cost. Should the tolls continue to in- 
crease only in the same ratio for the next eight years, the 
nett proceeds will amount to about nine per cent, upon the cost. 
But it is easy to show, that not only will the tolls increase in 
a greater ratio, in the next eight years, but likewise, that the 
cost of repairs will constantly diminish, and the nett profits 
will of course increase in a greater ratio than the increase of 
tolls will indicate, and may reach to twelve per cent, on the 
cost, at the end of the next eight years. 

The day is not distant when the nett profits arising from 
tolls on the public works of Ohio, will not only pay the prin- 
cipal and interest of the money borrowed for their construc- 
tion, but will likewise relieve the people from all taxes for the 
support of the state government. 

From the late message of the governor of New York to 
the general assembly, it appears that the canals of that state 
were navigable only seven months and fourteen days, during 



88 CANALS, RAILROADS, AND TURNPIKES. 

the past year ; whereas the canals of Ohio are seldom closed 
more than six to eight weeks in a year. The total nett reve- 
nue of the canals of New York, after deducting all expenses 
and deficiencies, was during the last year, $1,020,816. Out 
of this sum there remains a clear surplus, after paying the in- 
terest on the liabilities of the state, the sum of S398,096, ap- 
plicable as a sinking fund to meet the principal of the sums to 
be borrowed for the enlargement of the Erie canal, or the con- 
struction of new works. The debt created for the original 
construction of the Erie and Champlain canals is already paid 
off, "by the accumulation and appropriation of funds for that 
purpose." 

The Cincinnati and Whitewater canal is very favorably sit- 
uated in regard to the amount of revenue which it will pro- 
duce. It being the last twenty-five miles of a line of canal 
eighty miles in length, extending from Cincinnati to the na- 
tional road at Cambridge, gives it an advantage over any other 
portion of canal of the same length, as the aggregate tonnage, 
which will be collected at the several places along the upper 
portion of the line, will pass through the entire distance of 
this twenty-five miles : besides, if the rates of tolls should 
be properly adjusted to the value of the articles to be shipped 
on the canal, in proportion to the distance which they pass 
along the line to their place of destination, it follows that the 
proportion of the tolls on the last twenty-five miles will be 
greater, than on any other portion of the canal of like extent. 
This canal will likewise be navigable during a greater portion 
of the year than that of any other canal in the state ; it being 
situated in its whole extent at the base of a hill which has a 
southern exposure, and it will not only receive the direct rays 
of the sun, but will also have the benefit of its reflected rays 
from the sides of the hills as well as from the surface of the 
water in the rivers running along parallel with the canal. 
This will make a difierence of two or three weeks in the time 
of opening this canal in the spring. There is also less lock- 
age than is usual in canals of equal extent, and of course there 



CANALS, RAILROADS AND TURNPIKES. 89 

will be less expense in repairs and less delay in navigation. 
The products of a district of country in the state of Indiana, 
equal in fertility to any in the western country, containing an 
area of 2,744 square miles, will be floated upon the surface of 
this canal to market. And the merchandise, salt, iron, fish, 
coal, lumber, &;c., which will be required to supply the same 
extent of country, will likewise be shipped from Cincinnati 
upon the waters of this canal. In addition to all this, the dis- 
trict of country through which the upper portion of the canal 
passes is abundantly supplied with water power, both by the 
natural streams, and also by the canal itself, and the raw ma- 
terials, required for the supply, and the manufactured articles 
produced by the numerous manufactories which will, in the 
course of a few years, be erected in the Whitewater valley, 
will form no inconsiderable item in the amount of tonnage 
which must become transported upon this canal. Let any 
one take the trouble to visit the wholesale stores in this city 
and ascertain the amount of- merchandise, groceries, Sic. which 
are even now annually sent into the state of Indiana in wa- 
gons, and he will be astonished at the amount. Let him re- 
flect a moment, and he will perceive that as soon as this canal 
is finished, the six-horse team carrying forty hundred pounds, 
which is eight or ten days in reaching its destination, will be 
placed upon the towing path and hitched to two canal boats 
c^xrymg Jjfty tons each, and will reach the same destination 
in three days. Let him also reflect that those who buy these 
goods, make their payments with pork, beef, flour, whisky, 
&c., which they now either drive on foot or bring in wagons 
to this city, and he will at once see that in proportion as the 
cost of bringing these articles to market is reduced, in the same 
proportion will the quantity of such articles be increased. 

In the report of the engineer of the Whitewater canal to 
the board of directors of last year, it was shown that when 
only one fourth of the surface of the district of country above 
described shall be brought under cultivation, — which, with the 
facilities already afforded, and the known enterprise of the cit- 

h2 



90 CANALS, RAILROADS AND TURNPIKES. 

izens, will be effected in a very few years, — and allowing one 
half of the products of that surface to be consumed at home, 
and taking the other half as the surplus which will find a mar- 
ket, it will yield an annual tonnage of 83,320 tons. It was 
also shown that the return or upward freight, for the supply 
of this district of country, will make the total annual tonnage, 
in both directions, 137,200 tons. This amount of tonnage 
may be reduced ten per cent, for such as will find its way to 
the Ohio river by the Indiana canal, and it will then leave 
123,480 tons, which will pass unbroken through the first 
twenty-five miles from the city, or through that part constitut- 
ing the Cincinnati and Whitewater canal. Estimating the re- 
venue at the average rates that are now charged on the Miami 
canal, and this canal will yield an annual income of 149,620 
dollars. But supposing that not more than one half of this 
calculation should be realized in the next ten years, we shall 
still have an income of 74,810 dollars, from the proceeds of 
tolls alone. If this canal should cost 650,000 dollars, the 
above gross amount of revenue will be over sixteen per cent, 
per annum on the entire cost. 

The usefulness of this canal to the city of Cincinnati, when 
completed and opened for navigation, is only partially devel- 
oped. By an additional expenditure of 60,000 dollars to bring 
in the water from the Miami river — which has always been in 
contemplation by the company — it will afl'ord water power 
equal to ninety runs of mill-stones. This water power, if leas- 
ed at the same rates at which the state now leases water in 
the city, will yield an additional revenue of 22,500 dollars per 
annum. Who can estimate the benefits to the business and 
the prosperity and revenues of the city of Cincinnati, by the 
completion of this canal, and bringing into use this immense 
water power within the city ? They are incalculable. The 
influence of this canal has already added at least twenty-five 
per cent, to the value of real estate bounded by Western-row, 
Sixth street and the Ohio river. It has caused the erection, 
in that part of the city, of a great number of neat and com- 



CANALS, RAILROADS AND TURNPIKES. 91 

fortable dwelling houses during' the past year, which are occu- 
pied by industrious and enterprising citizens, who are antici- 
pating employment and business from this canal, when com- 
pleted. 

Information has been received from Indiana sufficient to 
justify the belief, that the Whitewater canal in that state will 
be resumed again on the opening of spring. That canal could 
be completed to Conncrsville, during next season, about the 
same time that ours could if they should be commenced simul- 
taneously. This would open at once a navigation of sixty- 
seven miles in length, a part of which has been in operation 
two years, and the business of the county has partially be- 
come adapted to this mode of transportation, and of course the 
business on our canal will commence immediately after its 
completion, without the delay incident to new canals, which 
require two or three years to divert the trade of the country 
into a new channel. 

Fifteen miles of the Richmond branch canal, running from 
the Whitewater canal at Brookville, to Richmond, are very 
nearly completed, and considerable progress has been made in 
the remaining part of the work. It is expected that it will be 
completed in the fall of 1841. The length is between thirty 
and thirty-one miles. It passes up the east branch of the 
AVhitewater, and at its upper termination strikes the national 
road. 

Water Power on the Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal. 

The water for the supply of the navigation of this canal, 
will be drawn from the Whitewater river, where the canal 
joins the Whitewater canal of Indiana, at the state line, half 
a mile south of Harrison. After the canal has crossed the 
Miami river near Cleves, the third and last lock reduces the 
level of the canal to a point fifty-four feet above the surface of 
low water in the Ohio river, which level is preserved through- 
out the remaining distance up to the city. From the foot of 
the lock at the Miami river, a feeder has been located along 
the east bank of the river to Matson's mill, a distance of three 



92 CANALS, RAILROADS AND TURNPIKES. 

miles and sixty-three chains from the canal. By a dam eight 
feet high, across the river at this point, the surface of the riv- 
er v^rill be raised to the level of the canal at Cincinnati ; and 
any quantity of water may be introduced which the capacity 
of the canal will admit. This dam will be twenty-one miles 
from the city. The quantity of water which may be brought 
to the city is limited by the capacity of the tunnel at North 
Bend, and the velocity which may be given to the water in 
the canal, that will not interfere with the upward navigation. 
A fall or descent of three fourths of an inch per mile is given 
to the bottom of the canal, between the tunnel and the city. 
The tunnel being twenty-four feet wide and five feet deep, the 
area of the cross section of the water will be one hundred and 
twenty square feet ; and in order that ten thousand cubic feet 
of water may pass through in a minute, it will move through 
a distance of eighty-three and a third feet in one minute ; or 
five thousand feet, or nine tenths of a mile in an hour. This 
velocity will only occur while passing through the tunnel, and 
is not greater than may be admitted in canals without injury 
to the navigation. But as the capacity of the canal every- 
where else is greater, the velocity will be less in other parts 
of the canal. In passing from the tunnel to the city, a dis- 
tance of fifteen miles, there will be a loss of about one thous- 
and cubic feet of water per minute by leakage and evapora- 
tion. We shall then have nine thousand cubic feet of water 
per minute at the city, available for hydraulic purposes, to be 
used over a fall of fifty-four feet. After deducting from the 
whole fall twenty-one feet, as of little or no value, by being 
so often covered by the river, there will still be a fall of thir- 
ty-three feet, which will be but seldom interrupted; and if 
this fall should be equally divided into two falls, the upper 
one will not be interrupted perhaps more than once in ten 
years. If we allow two hundred cubic feet of water per min- 
ute, to be sufficient to operate a pair of four and a half feet 
millstones, on a wheel of fifteen feet diameter — which is more 
than Smeaton allows — there will be water sufficient to operate 



PERIODICALS. 93 

forty-five runs of stones over the first wheels, which being 
doubled, will give a power equal to ninety runs of mill-stones, 
over a fall of thirty-three feet below the surface of the water 
in the canal, after taking away twenty-one feet of the whole 
fall as of no value. 



PERIODICALS. 

There are published in Cincinnati, the following period- 
icals. 

1. Cincinnati Daily Gazette and Liberty Hall. Issue, 
900 daily, 400 tri- weekly, and 2,800 weekly. John C. 
Wright, editor. Messrs. L'Hommedieu & Co., proprietors 
and printers. 

2. Cincinnati Chronicle, 400 daily, 900 weekly. Edward 
D. Mansfield, editor. A. Pugh, proprietor and printer. 

3. Cincinnati Republican, 700 daily, 300 tri-weekly, 800 
weekly. Charles S. Todd, editor. E. Graham and J. B. 
Russell, publishers. 

4. Advertiser and Journal; 400 daily, 150 tri-weekly, 1,650 
weekly. Moses Dawson, editor. Dawson and Fisher, pro- 
prietors. 

5. Daily Times; 1,500 copies. Edwin R. Campbell, ed- 
itor. Calvin W. Starbuck, printer and publisher. 

6. Public Ledger; 1,400 daily. C. H. Layton, editor. 
Lay ton and Shannon, publishers. 

These are devoted to politics, and the supply of the current 
news. The Gazette, Chronicle and Republican are whig, 
and the Advertiser democratic. The last two profess to be 
neutral in politics, and are published on the cash system, be- 
ing what are commonly termed penny papers. 

7. Volks Blatt; 312 daily, 1,400 weekly. Stephen Mol- 
itor, editor and proprietor. 

8. Unabhaengige Presse; 250 tri-weekly. B. Boffinger, 
editor and proprietor. 



94 PERIODICALS. 

9. Deutsche im Westen ; 500 weekly. C. Burkhalter, edi- 
tor. Burkhalter and Hefley, proprietors. 

10. Wahrheits Freund ; 1,050 weekly. Rev. J. M. Hen- 
ni, editor. Published by the St. Aloysius Society. Catholc. 

11. Apologete; 1,000 weekly. Rev. William Nast, editor. 
Revs. J. F. Wright and Leroy Swormstedt, publishers. 

12. Licht Freund; 500 semi-monthly. Edward Miihl, ed- 
itor. S. Molitor, publisher. 

These are in the German language. The first three are 
political ; the Volks Blatt and Unabhaengige Presse, democrat- 
ic, the Deutsche im Westen, Avhig. Of the other three, the 
Wahrheits Freund is devoted to the interests of the Roman 
Catholic church, as is the Apologete to those of the Method- 
ists. The Licht Freund supports Universalist principles. 

13. Western Christian Advocate ; 14,000 weekly. Revs. 
Charles Elliott and L. L. Hamline, editors. Revs. J. F. 
Wright and Leroy Swormstedt, publishers. Episcopal meth- 
odist. 

14. Cincinnati Observer ; 1,300 weekly. Rev. J. AValker, 
editor and publisher. Samuel A. Alley, printer. New school 
presbyterian. 

15. Western Episcopal Observer; 1,500 weekly. Revs. 
C. Colton, W. Jackson, John T. Brooke, H. V. D. Johns, 
editors. T. R. Raymond, printer and publisher. 

16. Catholic Telegraph; 1,100 weekly. Rev. Edward 
Purcell, editor. Daniel Conahan, agent. Roman catholic. 

17. Star in the West ; 2,300 monthly. Rev. J. A. Gur- 
ley, editor and proprietor. Universalist. 

18. Philanthropist; 3,000 weekly. G. Bailey, Jr., editor. 
Samuel A. Alley, printer. This is the organ of the anti-sla- 
very society in Ohio. Abolitionist. 

19. Western Temperance Journal; 6,000 copies semi- 
monthly. Published by the Cincinnati Total Abstinence So- 
ciety. Weed and Wilson, publishers. Temperance cause. 



PERIODICALS. 95 

20. Young Ladies' Museum; 1,200. J. B. and R. P. 
Donogh, printers and publishers. Literary. 

In addition to these, which are all single sheets — the Star 
in the West, Temperance Journal, and Young Ladies' Muse- 
um being in quarto — there are in pamphlet or magazine form, 
all monthly— 

21. The Ladies' Repository and Gatherings of the West; 
7,000 copies. Revs. Charles Elliott and L. L. Hamline, ed- 
itors. Revs. J. F. Wright and Leroy Swormstedt, publish- 
ers. Literary. 

22. Western Messenger; issue, 1,000 copies. J. B. Rus- 
sell, editor and publisher. Sheperd and Stearns, printers. 
Unitarian. 

23. Christian Preacher; 2,500. Elder D. S. Burnet, edi- 
tor. R. P. Brooks, printer and publisher. Disciples' Church 
doctrine. 

24. Precursor; 400. Rev. M. M. Carll, editor. Kendall 
and Henry, printers and publishers. New Jerusalem church 
principles. 

25. Missionary Herald ; 3,000. American Board of Com- 
missioners for Foreign Missions, proprietors. Weed and 
Wilson, publishers. Missionary. 

26. Evangelist; 1,000. Elder Walter Scott, editor. J. 
Hefley, printer. Disciples' Church doctrine. 

27. Family Magazine ; 3,000. Rev. J. H. Perkins, editor. 
J. A. James &, Co., publishers. 

28. Western Farmer and Gardener. E. J. Hooper and 
Thomas Affleck, editors. E. J. Hooper, publisher. R. P. 
Brooks, printer. Agricultural. 

29. Counterfeit Detector; 750. H. H. Goodman & Co., 
editors. Charles Goodman, publisher. 

Besides these, there are almanacs published here, religious, 
agricultural and political, in large editions. 



9m CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 

CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 

Roman Catholic. St. Peter's Cathedral, west side of Syc- 
amore, between Sixth and Seventh streets. Very Rev. E. T. 
Collins, and Rev. Edward Piircell officiate in the services of 
this church. 

Church of the Holy Trinity, south side of Fifth, between 
Smith and Park streets. This is occupied by a German con- 
gregation. Clergy, Very Rev. J. M. Henni, Rev. Francis L. 
Huber, Rev. Francis Hammer. 

Cincinnati is an episcopal see of the Roman Catholic church. 
Rt. Rev. J. B. Purcell, bishop. 

Protestant Episcopal. Christ Church, north side of Fourth 
street, between Sycamore and Broadway. Rev. J. T. Brooke, 
rector. 

St. Paul's, south side of Fourth, between Main and Wal- 
nut streets. Rev. Henry V. D. Johns, rector. 

Presbyterian. First, west side of Main, between Fourth 
and Fifth. J. L. Wilson, D. D., pastor. 

Fourth, north side High street, near the corporation line. 
Rev. Samuel R. Wilson. Supply. 

Fifth, north-east corner of Elm and Ninth streets. Rev. 
John Burtt, pastor. 

These three churches are old school General Assembly 
Presbyterian. 

Second, south side of Fourth, between Vine and Race 
streets. Lyman Beecher, D. D., pastor. 

Third, north side of Second, between Walnut and Vine 
streets. Rev. Thornton A. Mills, pastor. 

Sixth, south side of Sixth, between Main and Walnut streets. 
Rev. Jonathan Blanchard, pastor. 

African Presbyterian, west side of Lawrence, between 
Symmes and Fourth streets. Rev. Benj. Templeton, pastor. 

These four are new school Presbyterian churches. 



CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 97 

Reformed Presbyterian, south side of George, between 
Race and Elm streets. Rev. Samuel Robinson, pastor. 

Associate Reformed Presbyterian, south side of Sixth, be- 
tween Race and Elm. Rev. John C. Steele, pastor. 

Baptist. Ninth Street Church, south side of Ninth, be- 
tween Vine and Race streets. Elder S. W. Lynd, pastor. 

First Baptist, south-east corner of Elm and Ninth streets. 
Elder W. H. Brisbane, pastor. 

African Baptist, south side of Baker, between Walnut and 
Vine. Elder David Nickens, pastor. 

These are regular Baptist churches. 

Christian Disciples, west side of Sycamore, between Fifth 
and Sixth streets. Elder James Challen, preacher. 

Methodist. Eastern charge. Wesley Chapel, north side 
of Fifth, between Main and Sycamore streets. 

African Methodist Episcopal Chapel, south side of New 
street, east of Broadway. Rev. E. W. Sehon, preacher in 
charge. Revs. M. P. Gaddis and Isaac Ebbert, assistants. 

Western charge. Ninth Street Chapel, Ninth, between 
Race and Elm streets. 

Fourth Street Chapel, north-east corner of Plum and Fourth 
streets. Rev. Wm. Herr, preacher in charge. Rev. James 
L. Grover, assistant. 

M'Kendree Chapel, Fulton. Rev. Edward D. Roe, preach- 
er in charge. 

Northern charge. Asbury Chapel, Rev. John W. White, 
preacher in charge. 

German Mission Church, west side of Vine, between 
Fourth and Fifth streets. John M. Hartman, preacher in 
charge. 

The above are all Methodist Episcopal churches. 

Methodist Protestant, south side of Sixth, between Vine 
and Race streets. Revs. A. C. Barnes and Nicholas Snethen, 
preachers in charge. 



fd CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 

Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, south side of 
Sixth, east of Broadway. Henry Atkinson, preacher in 
charge. Independent Methodist. 

Friends^ tneeting houses. Of these there are two on the 
south side of Fifth, between Western-row and John streets,- 
occupied by separate divisions of that Society. 

Neiv Jerusalem Church. First Society, temple, north side 
of Longworth, between Race and Elm. Rev. M. M. Carll, 
minister. 

Second Society, Talbott's school-house on College street. 
Rev. Adam Hurdus, minister. 

Third Society, corner of Sixth and Race. Rev. N. C. 
Burnham, minister. 

First Congregational Society — Unitarian, south-west cor- 
ner of Race and Fourth streets. Rev. W. H. Channing, min- 
ister. 

Universalist Church, west side of Walnut, between Third 
and Fourth streets. Rev, John A. Gurley, minister. 

First Restorationist Church, west side of Race, between 
Fifth and Longworth streets. Rev. Daniel Parker, minister. 

United German. St. John's Church, north side of Sixth, 
between Walnut and Vine streets. Rev. F. M. Raschig, min- 
ister. 

United German Protestant Church, north-west corner of 
Vine and Thirteenth streets. Rev. Philip Hauser, minister. 

German Lutheran, west side of Walnut, between Eighth 
and Ninth streets. Rev. William Seib, minister. 

United Brethren in Christ, west side of Fulton, between 
Catharine and Kemble streets. Rev. Francis Whitcomb, min- 
ister. 

Jewish Synagogue, east side of Broadway, between Fifth 
and Sixth. M. A. Moehring, parnas. 



• CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 99 

Neio Jews'' Synagogue, south side of Third, between Syc- 
amore and Broadway. Jonas Levy, parnas. 

Welsh Calvinistic Methodist, Harrison street, east of 
Broadway. Revs. Edward Jones, pastor, David Rosser, as- 
sistant. 

Welsh Congregational Church, corner of Lawrence and 
Symmes street. 

Bethel Chapel, south side of Front, between Lawrence and 
Pike streets. Rev. O. S. Powell, chaplain. 

Cincinnati Bethel Society. Rooms, Front, near Pike street. 
Rev. O. S. Powell, chaplain. For the religious instruction of 
boatmen. 

Foreign Mission Society of the Valley of the Mississipi. 
George L. Weed, Treasurer and Secretary. 

Western Education Society. Rev. L. G. Bingham, Sec'ry. 

Home Missionary Society. Central board agency for the 
western states. Rev. Henry Little, Secretary. 

The offices of these societies are at No. 30, West Front 
street, which is the publishing office, also, of the Missionary 
Herald, and a depository of religious tracts. Sabbath school- 
books and bibles. 

Young Men's Bible Society of Cincinnati. Flamen Ball, 
Secretary. Office as above. 

Cincinnati Catholic Society for the Diffusion of Religious 
Knowledge. 

CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 

Orphan Asylums. 
There are three of these institutions in Cincinnati. 

1. The St. Peter's Orphan Asylum, under the care of the 
Sisters of Charity, corner of Third and Plum. Fifty-one 
female children inmates. 

2. St. Aloysius's Orphan House, under the care of the so- 



100 CHAUITABLE INSTITUTIONS. • 

ciety of that name, instituted for the benefit of boys ; north 
side of Sixth, opposite John street. 

3. Cincinnati Orphan Asylum, Elm, near Thirteenth street. 
This has been built up by contributions from the citizens from 
time to time. It is a well-planned and proportioned building, 
which has cost about 18,000 dollars, and presents a handsome 
appearance, its interior arrangements being highly convenient. 
The dimensions are 64 by 54 feet. 

Including the basement, it consists of four stories, which 
contain spacious sleeping apartments, bath-houses, a separate 
department for infants, where they are provided with proper 
nurses, and the sustenance suited to their age ; a library, and 
a well organized school, in which the children are not only 
taught the common branches of education, but receive that 
moral and religious training, which prepares them to become 
useful members of society: at the same time, in the ample 
grounds surrounding the house, they are enabled to take such 
exercise as is necessary to promote their health. 

The laws of the institution appear formed with a careful re- 
gard to the future well-being of the orphans. 

No child is permitted to be taken out of the Asylum, until 
it has remained there at least one year, so that vicious habits 
may be corrected, before they mingle with society. The 
strictest scrutiny is made into the character of individuals who 
apply for children, and they are placed only in those situa- 
tions, where, it is believed, the same attention will be given 
to train their minds to virtue as in the Asylum. Stipulations 
are made as to the amount of education they shall receive, and 
with regard to their future prospects in life. When a child 
leaves the institution, a Manager is appointed as its guardian, 
to whom, in case of grievance, it may apply for redress, and 
look for protection. 

An average number of sixty children have annually been 
supported in the Asylum, so that upwards of three hundred 
children have been, from time to time, maintained and educa- 
ted, under its protecting roof. Sixty-seven orphans and des- 



CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 101 

titute children, are now enjoying the benefits which such an 
institution affords. 

It is gratifying to the philanthropist, to mark the progress 
of civilization in its most interesting form — the commencement 
of institutions, which have for their object, not only the miti- 
gation of human suffering, but the improvement of the intel- 
lectual and moral capacity of those, who, as they successively 
rise to manhood, will, it is hoped, be themselves the philan- 
thropists of a future day. 

Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum of Ohio. 
Incorporated January 21, 1821. 

It is located on a four acre lot, in the north-western part 
of Cincinnati, with a view to retirement, and to derive advan- 
tages from a pure atmosphere, and free ventilation. It is a 
brick structure, three stories high, exclusive of the basement, 
and is large enough to accommodate, at one time, two hun- 
dred and fifty persons. Eleven hundred were admitted during 
the past year. 

A portion of the building is appropriated as a poor house- 
there are separate departments for the insane — on the second 
and third stories are the medical and surgical male wards, the 
female and lying-in wards, and the operating and clinical lec- 
ture room. 

The patients of this institution consist of several classes of 
persons, whose expenses are defrayed from different sources. 

Those boatmen who have regularly paid their hospital 
clearance, according to the commercial regulations of the Uni- 
ted States, are maintained at the expense of government. 

Others, who have no certificates, testifying as above, are 
supported out of a portion of the auction duties, collected in 
Cincinnati. 

The poor of Cincinnati township receive support from the 
treasury of said township. Beside these, patients from other 
portions of Ohio, and from other states, are received, and 
charged two dollars per week, for board and medical attendance. 

i2 



103 BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 

The management of the hospital is entrusted to the trustees 
of Cincinnati township, except its medical department. Ev- 
ery thing appertaining to it, is by law under the direction of 
the faculty of the Ohio Medical College. As a compensation 
for the services of the latter, they are permitted to introduce 
the students of the college to witness the treatment of diseas- 
es, the performance of operations, and to receive clinical in- 
struction in the hospital. 

House of Employment for Female Poor. 

The design of this institution is to provide means of sup- 
port for poor females, who depend on their labor for support 
and cannot find employment with families in washing or sew- 
ing. Rooms, west side of Vine, between Second and Third 
streets. 

Charitable Intelligence Office, 

On Vine, between Third and Baker streets, by keeping a 
register of those who want situations, and those who need 
persons in various employments. It also serves as a means 
of collecting information respecting the poor, and to provide 
in various modes relief for their wants. 

BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 

Cincinnati Total Abstinence Temperance Society. 

Cincinnati Colonization Society. 

Ohio Anti-slavery Society. 

Caledonian Society. 

Scots Benevolent Society. 

St. George's Society. 

Cincinnati Typographical Association. 

Hibernian Benevolent Society. 

MASONIC LODGES. 

Nova Cesarea Harmony Lodge, No. 2, 
Of this city, received its charter from the Grand Lodge of 
New Jersey, under date of the 8th of September, 179L The 
officers appointed by the Grand Lodge were, Dr. William Bur- 



BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 103 

net, Master, John S. Ludlow, Senior Warden, Dr. Calvin 
Morrell, Junior Warden. Owing to the absence of Dr. Bur- 
net, the lodge was not organized until December 27, 1794, 
when the following officers were elected : Edward Day, Mas- 
ter, Dr. C. Morrell, Senior Warden, Gen. John S. Gano, Ju- 
nior Warden. 

The election of officers takes place on the first Wednesday 
of December, annually. Present officers, John Evans, Mas- 
ter; Isaac C. Copelen, Senior AVarden ; Christopher Hansel- 
mann, Junior Warden; John Myers, Treasurer; E. C. Har- 
per, Secretary; Elam P. Langdon, Samuel R. Miller, Jede- 
diah Banks, Charitable Committee. 

The stated meetings of the lodge are held in the lodge- 
room, on Third, between Main and Walnut streets, on the 
first Wednesday of each month. 

Miami Lodge, No. 46. 
William See, W. Master; Truman E. Mason, Senior War- 
den; Casper Sharpe, Junior Warden ; William McCammon, 
Treasurer ; Alphonso Taft, Secretary ; David V. Bradford, 
Senior Deacon; Tabor C. Thorpe, Junior Deacon. Seth 
Folger and George G. Smith, Stewards. James Saffin, En- 
ion Singer and Ira A. Butterfield, Charitable Committee. 
James Clark, Tyler. 

Lafayette Lodge, No. 81. 

Br. 0. M. Spencer, W. Master ; Br. J. Draper, Senior War- 
den ; Br. John Justis, Junior Warden ; Br. Jacob Graff, Treas- 
urer; Br. Samuel Reed, Secretary; Br. Jacob Stevens, Senior 
Deacon; Br. W. J. R. Leigh, Junior Deacon; Br. William 
Hunter, Tyler. Brs. Jacob Graff, J. Draper, Samuel Reed, 
Charitable Committee. 

Stated meetings, first Thursday of every month. 

, Cincinnati Encampment of Knight Templars. 

Robert Punshon, M. E. G. Commander; I. C. Copelen, 
Generalissimo ; C. F. Hanselmann, C. G. ; Samuel Reed, Pre- 
late; J. C. Avery, Senior Warden; William R. Kerr, Junior 



104 BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 

Warden; E. P. Langdon, Treasurer; E. C. Harper, Record- 
er ; John Evans, Standard Bearer; J. B. Covert, Sword Bear- 
er; William See, Warder; James Clark, Sentinel. 
Stated meetings, second Monday in every month. 

Cincinnati Council, No. 2, of Royal and Select Masters. 

Comp. William Hunter, T. I. G. Master; C. F. Hansel- 
man, D. I. G. M.; I. C. Copelen, P. C. of work; John C. 
Avery, C. G. ; Samuel Reed, Treasurer; William H. Roche, 
Recorder; J. P. Williams, G. S. and Sentinel; James Clark, 
Sentinel. 

Stated meetings, third Monday in March, June, September 
and December. 

Cincinnati Royal Arch Chapter, No. 2. 

Comp. 0. M. Spencer, High Priest; I. C. Copelen, K. ; 
J. C. Avery, Scribe; Samuel Reed, Cap. Host; Joseph Jonas, 
Principal Sojourner; William R. Morris, R. A. Captain; 
William See, G. M. of 3d Veil ; J. P. Williams, G. M. of 2d 
Veil; George Whan, G. M. of 1st Veil; Robert Punshon, 
Treasurer; William H. Roche, Secretary; James Clark, 
Tyler. 

Stated meetings, first Monday in March, June, September 
and December. 

Independent Order of Odd Fellows. 
This order was first regularly established in the United 
States by the institution of a Lodge — consisting of five mem- 
bers — at Baltimore, in the state of Maryland, on the 26th of 
April, 1819, under a charter from the Grand Lodge of England. 
The increase of the order was rapid, several Lodges in oth- 
er places being instituted under similar charters ; and to effect 
a more general co-operation in the benevolent designs of the 
institution, it soon became necessary to establish an independ- 
ent government of its interests in the United States. Prepa- 
rations were accordingly made about the year 1822, and a 
charter was subsequently obtained from the Grand Lodge of 
England, in which an entire relinquishment of all inherent 



BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 105 

right, interest, government, and authority was given, and the 
" Grand Lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows of 
the United States of America" was regularly established in 
the city of Baltimore. 

Lodges and Encampments have since been instituted in 
nearly every state and territory in the Union. 

The whole number of members in the United States at this 
time is rising fifteen thousand ; and the aggregate revenue, as 
reported from the several states, is about eighty thousand dol- 
lars, a large portion of which has been expended in weekly 
benefits to the sick, assistance of the destitute, burying the 
dead, relief of the widow, and education of the orphan. 

The first Lodge in Ohio was instituted in Cincinnati on the 
23d of December, 1830. The increase of the order in num- 
bers and revenue in the state, has far exceeded the expec- 
tations of its warmest advocates, and conclusively proves the 
utility and philanthropic character of the order. 

The number of members in Ohio is about twelve hundred 
and twenty. 

There are in the state ten subordinate and four Degree 
Lodges, three subordinate Encampments, a Grand Encamp- 
ment and a Grand Lodge. 

The subordinate Lodges meet weekly, four of which meet 
in Cincinnati, two in Dayton, one at Steubenville, one at Lan- 
caster, one at Piqua and one at Columbus. 

The Degree Lodges hold their meetings semi-monthly, 
and are located in Cincinnati, Dayton, Lancaster, and Co- 
lumbus. 

The Encampments meet semi-monthly in Cincinnati, Day- 
ton, and Steubenville. 

The Grand Encampment of Ohio holds stated sessions in 
Cincinnati on the first Saturday in September, December, 
March and June. 

The Grand Lodge of Ohio holds its stated meetinors in Cin- 
cinnati on the third Saturday in January, April, July and Oc- 
tober. For the purpose of conducting with greater efl[iciency 



106 BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 

the financial affairs of this institution, this body obtained an 
act of incorporation from the legislature of Ohio on the 4th of 
Febuary, 1839. 

The subordinate Lodges elect their officers quarterly; the 
Degree Lodges and Encampments semi-annually, and the 
Grand Encampment and Grand Lodge annually. 

In every branch of the order all religious and political dis- 
putes are prohibited. Every member is required to be a 
peaceable citizen, and obedient to the laws of the country in 
which he resides. 

No person is permitted to become a member of the order, 
unless he believes in the existence of a Supreme Being, crea- 
tor, preserver, and governor of all things. He must be free 
from disease, of good moral character, and have some known 
reputable means of support, not under twenty-one nor over 
forty-five years of age. 

In case of sickness, each member of a subordinate Lodge, 
who has complied with the laws of the order, is entided to 
three dollars per week, and in case of death thirty-five dollars 
are paid toward defraying funeral expenses. If a member 
lose his wife he is entided to fifteen dollars toward her funer- 
al expenses. If a member belong to an Encampment also, 
and is sick, as above, he receives three dollars per week from 
that body, and in case of his death twenty dollars are paid for 
funeral expenses. 

The entire expense of initiation and for all the degrees, is 
thirty-seven dollars. The annual dues in the subordinate 
Lodge are four dollars, and of the Encampment three dollars. 
No dues are paid in any other body. 

The officers of the Grand Encampment of Ohio for the 
present year are :— 

David Churchill, G. Chief Patriarch; Isaac Hefley, G. 
High Priest; Samuel Neill, G. Senior Warden; Mark P. 
Taylor, G. Junior Warden; Jacob Keller, G. Scribe; Jacob 
Ernst, G. Treasurer; Nathan Steward, G. Sentinel; Benja- 
min Jelliff, D. G. Sentinel. 



SAVINGS INSTITUTION. 107 

The officers of the Grand Lodge of the state of Ohio for 
the year 1841, are : — 

John Frazer, M. Worthy G. Master; Charles Thomas, R. 
Worthy Deputy G. Master ; George T. Mixer, R. Worthy. 
G. AVarden ; Thomas Sherlock, R. Worthy G. Secretary : 
Isaac Hefley, R. Worthy G. Treasurer; Elias Favorite, R. 
Worthy G. Conductor; H. N. Clark, R. Worthy G. Chap- 
lain ; Isaac Marchant, R. AVorthy G. Guardian. 



CINCINNATI SAVINGS INSTITUTION. 

Open every business day of the week, during business 
hours. 

George W. Jones, President. P. Outcalt, Secretary. 

William Burke, Jacob Burnet, Stephen Burrows, William 
Grossman, Calvin Fletcher, John P. Foote, Samuel Fosdick, 
Joseph Gest, John H. Groesbeck, David Gwynne, E. S. 
Haines, Daniel H. Home, Elam P. Langdon, George C. Mil- 
ler, James MTntire, Daniel F. Meader, Ephraim Morgan, 
John Myers, William Neff, John Reeves, Joseph Smith, 
Wright Smith, AVilliam Stephenson, Cha's Tatem, Directors, 

The object of this institution is to enable those persons, 
who receive such small sums of money as cannot be conveni- 
ently invested or employed in any way to yield a profit, to 
deposit them in a place of safety, and obtain an interest of six 
per cent, upon the amount, together with a proportion of all 
the profits that may accumulate beyond the expenses of the 
institution, at the end of every three years ; thus, enabling the 
industrious and frugal, who commence early in life by saving 
and depositing weekly a portion of their earnings, to make 
provision for a time of need, or provide an honorable inde- 
pendence for old age. 

The smallest sums are received on deposit, and the interest 
upon them commences, whenever they shall amount to five 
dollars— and have remained four months — on the first of the 



108 SAVINGS INSTITUTION. 

monih, after the deposit is made, if of the amount of five dol- 
lars, and if of smaller sums, when the aggregate amounts to 
five dollars. 

The money can be withdrawn upon giving two weeks' 
notice. 

The funds of the institution are loaned upon good and suf- 
ficient security, and at such rate of interest as may be agreed 
upon, which at present is ten per cent. 

The annexed features of the charter will exhibit more fully 
the principles and method of conducting the business of the 
institution ; and it will be perceived that it offers such facili- 
ties as, in this city where every one may save some portion 
of his earnings, will enable all who avail themselves of its ad- 
vantages during youth, to guard against the evils of poverty, 
after the period for labor is past. 

All the profits of the institution are for the benefit of the 
depositors, and no director (the president excepted) is entitled 
to any pay for his services. 

The amount that may be received from any one person in 
any one year, is limited to three hundred dollars, and no part 
of the funds can be loaned directly or indirectly to any direc- 
tor, or officer of said corporation. 

Payment of the money deposited cannot be made to any 
but the depositor, or his authorised agent. 

A book is kept for the purpose of allowing every depositor 
to record the name of the person to whom, in the event of his 
death, his deposits shall be paid. 

An examination is made every six months, by a committee, 
into the state of the aff'airs of the corporation, and the manner 
in which the business has been transacted. 

The institution is restricted from issuing bank notes, or 
making discounts. It commenced business in 1831, and has 
paid an interest to depositors equivalent to eight per cent, per 
annum, average, during the last ten years. 



m 



# 




UMm-^J-ElJ FOIL "CINCryNATI IN 1841'' 



SCIENCE AND LITERATURE. 109 

SCIENCE AND LITERATURE. 

Western Academy of Natural Sciences. 
Organised, April, 1835. Incorporated in 1838. 

Its cabinet already presents two hundred specimens of min- 
erals and fossils, three hundred of shells, and two thousand 
of plants. 

Robert Buchanan, President; George Graham, Vice Presi- 
dent ; J. G. Anthony, Recording Secretary and Librarian ; 
Dr. William Wood, Corresponding Secretary ; J. A. Warder, 
Treasurer. 

There are about fifty members, and many correspondents. 

Apprentices' Library. 

This institution was founded, February 8, 1821, and was 
established by public contributions of books and money. It 
contains two thousand two hundred volumes of interesting 
works of history, travels, voyages, arts and sciences, philoso- 
phy, chemistry, classics, religion and morality, and, in fact, 
nearly every work which is of an instructive nature to youth. 
About four hundred volumes are taken out weekly. 

It is governed by a board of directors, who are appointed 
annually, by the contributors to the library ; if they neglect to 
do so at the time specified, the city council then make the 
appointment. 

The librarian is appointed by the directors, whose salary is 
one hundred dollars, which is paid by the city council. 

Rules. — All minors, who are brought up to laborious em- 
ployments in the city, are to have the free use of the library, 
by applying to the librarian, and producing to him an order 
from a parent, guardian, or friend of such minor, stating that 
they will be responsible for the return of all books taken out 
on said order uninjured, and will pay for all damage done to 
the books, and pay all fines if they are kept out over the time 
prescribed in the by-laws. 

K 



110 SCIENCE AND LITERATURE. 

No person will be permitted to take out more than one book 
at a time. 

Library open on Saturdays, from two o'clock, P. M., till 
five o'clock, P. M. 

The time for detaining a book out of the library, shall be, 
for a duodecimo or any smaller size, one week ; for an octa- 
vo, two weeks ; for a quarto, three weeks ; for a folio, four 
weeks. And if any book be not returned according to the 
time specified, there shall be paid a fine of six cents for every 
common duodecimo or pamphlet ; twelve cents for every oc- 
tavo or large duodecimo ; and twenty-five cents for every 
quarto or folio volume, for every week said book or books 
may be detained beyond the time specified. 

Upon the return of a book, the librarian shall determine 
whether it be injured ; and if so, to what amount; which sum 
he shall demand of the person in whose name it was taken 
out, who shall be debarred the use of the library until the same 
be paid. 

Any person considering himself aggrieved by a decision of 
the librarian, shall have the privilege of appealing to the di- 
rectors at the next meeting of the board. 

Any person receiving a book from this library, who shall 
fail to return it, or shall render the same unfit to be received 
into the library, shall replace it with another of the kind and 
quality, or pay the sum required to replace the same. 

Young Men's Mercantile Library Association. 

Library and reading-rooms in the Cincinnati College, on 
Walnut street ; open every day, Sundays excepted, from eight 
o'clock in the morning until ten in the evening. 

Officers for the year 1841. Charles Duflield, President ; 
William AVatts, Vice President; Charles T. Jones, Secreta- 
ry ; John W. Hartwell, Treasurer ; James Wildy, Librarian. 

This association was first organized by the election of offi- 
cers and the adoption of a constitution and by-laws, April 
18, 1835. 



EDUCATION. Ill 

A charter was granted by the legislature of Ohio, January 
5, 1836, at which time the library consisted of seven hundred 
volumes. At the present time it contains upwards of fourteen 
hundred volumes of standard and miscellaneous works. 

The association commenced with forty-nine members. It 
now numbers about five hundred. 

Judging of the prospects of the institution from its success 
thus far, it bids fair to become, in a few years, an ornament 
of which the commercial community of Cincinnati may well 
be proud, as well as a never-failing source of rational enjoy- 
ment to those who feel disposed to avail themselves of the 
advantages offered by it. 

Although in its first organization it was intended for the 
particular benefit of the young men engaged in mercantile pur- 
suits, to whom its management is exclusively committed, yet 
its advantages are open to every citizen of respectable stand- 
ing, of whatever profession he may be. 

Terms of membership. — Each member, on subscribing to 
the constitution, shall pay an initiation fee of one dollar, and 
the further sum of three dollars annually, in advance, so long 
as he shall continue a member, 

EDUCATION. 

Public instruction in the United States is divided into three 
kinds, that of schools, that of academies, and that of colleges. 
The object of schools is generally simple elementary know- 
ledge, such as reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, and ge- 
ography. The object of academies is the acquisition of more 
advanced knowledge, such as the commencement of the clas- 
sics, mathematics, &lc. preparatory for college. The object 
of the college is to give an accurate knowledge of the classics, 
instruction in natural, moral, and political science, belles-let- 
tres, &c., in one word, such an education as is necessary to 
men of intelligence and refinement. 

In addition to these general classes of educational semina- 



112 EDUCATION. 

ries there are two others of a more specific nature. The first 
of these is the university, which adds to the common kinds 
of education professional instruction ; and the other is the me- 
chanics' institutes and lyceums. The latter is of modern in- 
troduction, but is, on principle, the same with the famous 
schools of antiquity, w^iere all kinds of persons attended and 
all sorts of general instruction were given. In the United 
States within a few years, this species of instruction has be- 
come quite popular, and is likely to become more so, as the 
general progress of intelligence enables a larger number of per- 
sons to understand and enjoy the oral lectures of enlightened 
men. Cincinnati, although but just half a century old, and 
planted in the midst of a country at the time of its foundation 
entirely a wilderness, presents the singular spectacle of fifty 
thousand people enjoying every one of these enumerated 
means of public instruction, and that in no inferior degree. 
The primary school, the academy, the college, the schools of 
the professions, and the institute, all have a place, and are 
held in high public favor. If they are not in the most perfect 
condition, they certainly are in a rapid state of improvement. 
The city wiU in all probability be hereafter a distinguished 
place of public instruction. 

From the earliest settlement of the state, provision for edu- 
cation of some kind has been made in Cincinnati, as well as 
other parts of Ohio, by the grant of the public lands, by many 
individual donations, and much private efi'ort. In the state 
generally, the United States government had granted 07ie thir- 
ty-sixth part of the public lands for the support of education. 
The common school system, as it is called, was not, however, 
adopted till a comparatively late period. Though not exactly 
in order of time, at Cincinnati, we shall describe the present 
condition of the common schools in the first place. 

I. Common schools. The primary or elementary English 
common school is that which is more essential to the wants 
and future intelligence of the people than any other ; because 
embracing only those simple elements of knowledge, which 



EDUCATION. 113 

are necessary to the business of society, and without which 
there can be no educated intelligence. In them, whether pub- 
lic or private, must be laid the foundations of future attain- 
ments. They are the only places of instruction to the largest 
portion of the community, and hence have been called the 
" colleges of the people." * About the year 1824 the legisla- 
ture of this state passed a common school law, authorizing the 
assessment of half a mill on the taxable value of property, 
for the purposes of common schools. 

The common school system of Cincinnati was founded 
about 1830-'31, and has since been regularly gaining on the 
confidence and afl'ections of the people. The schools now 
contain ordinarily about four thousand pupils and sixty teach- 
ers. The system here adopted may be described under the 
following heads. 

1. Buildings. — There are ten school districts, in each of 
which it was intended there should be one building, making 
two for each of the five wards into which the city was then 
divided. The subdivision has since been increased to seven 
wards, and only nine of the school houses have been erected. 
More, however, will be built whenever the wants of the city 
require it. The buildings are constructed in a simple, neat, 
and convenient manner ; they are divided into four plain rooms 
each, in which there are one or two teachers, according to the 
number of pupils. The houses are built of brick, the end 
fronting the street, and surmounted with a handsome cupola. 
They are supplied with black-boards, maps, and the common 
conveniences of a school-room. These buildings contain, un- 
der the present organization, according to location, from three 
to five hundred pupils each. They have cost the city, includ- 
ing all their appurtenances, nearly $100,000. 

2. School organization. — The school system of Cincinnati 
is very simple in its organization, and yet very easy to man- 
age and govern. It may be divided into three parts. 1. The 
board of appointment and fiscal management, called the board 

* Vide Transactions of the College of Teachers for 1835, page 168. 
k2 



114 EDUCATION. 

of trustees. 2. The board of examination. 3. The corps of 
teachers* These are entirely separate bodies and perform 
separate duties, and, taken together, make up a harmonious 
and efficient body of school government for the thousands of 
youth committed to their charge. 1. The board of trustees 
are elected by the people at the annual municipal elections, 
two for each ward, and have charge exclusively of what may 
be termed the business arrangements of the schools. Their 
duties are to make the necessary appropriations of money ; to 
furnish, repair, and arrange the buildings ; to appoint teachers 
and make rules for their government, with all such powers as 
are incidental to the immediate government of the schools. 
2. The board of examiners are appointed by the city council, 
are seven in number, and their duties are to examine the 
teachers, in respect to their qualifications, and their pupils, 
whenever it seems to them proper. Without their certificate 
no teacher can be appointed. To perform this duty with due 
regard to the various capacities of the teachers, the board of 
examiners have divided their certificates into three classes — 
the first is, that the applicant has sKperior qualifications as 
principal; the second, that he is qualified to he a -principal; 
and the third, that he is qualified to be an assistant. These 
three classes of certificates are a sufficient division for the dif- 
ferent merits of those who are examined, and are found in 
practice greatly to stimulate the ambition of the teachers. 
The board of examiners have heretofore exercised great dis- 
crimination, in the performance of this part of their duties, 
and none have received their first class certificate who have 
not in fact been very superior teachers. 3. The corps of 
teachers. — This body is about sixty in number, and perform 
their duties of instruction and government, under and in con- 
formity to rules prescribed by the trustees ; so also the kinds 
and order of books taught in the schools are prescribed by the 
trustees. The number of teachers are about in proportion to 
the number of pupils, in actual attendance, as one to fifty. 
This is doubtless too large a number of scholars ; but in this 



EDUCATION. 115 

Stage of the school system it has been found impossible to af- 
ford a larger proportion of instructors. The pay of teachers 
is yet too small, but will in time be, doubtless, increased. 
The male instructors are paid, according to rank, from $300 
to $540 ; females from $180 to $300 per annum. The teach- 
ers have, as a corps, been remarkably attentive and faithful; 
and their services are constantly in demand for other districts 
which are about to found good schools. In some measure 
the schools of Cincinnati are, therefore, a step to promotion. 

3. Course of instruction. — The course of instruction in 
schools embracing four thousand pupils, must, of course, pos- 
sess considerable variety, although confined to the elements 
of an English education. The teachers are themselves re- 
quired to pass an examination in reading, writing, arithmetic, 
geography, and grammar ; these of course constitute the basis 
of all the instruction given in the schools. Other studies, 
however, are pursued by those more advanced ; and the com- 
mon schools now afford an opportunity of acquiring quite an 
extended course of English instruction, embracing history, 
political science, algebra, geometry and natural philosophy. 

The bible, without commentary, is used in all the schools 
as a reading book. 

The aggregate disbursements of the last tuition year, were 
$20,797 21, which sum sufficed for the employment of sixty- 
four teachers, besides defraying various contingent expenses. 
Five thousand one hundred and twenty-one pupils were en- 
rolled during that period, a small proportion of whom have 
been — from time to time since — withdrawn. The age of the 
pupils ranges from six to sixteen, but not more than one 
tenth, perhaps, are over the age of twelve. 

A division in this department is formed by the private 
schools of this city, some of which are made up of children 
who are too young to obtain admittance in the public schools, 
which exclude as pupils, all children under six years of age, 
or of those in M'hose case the parents prefer having them 
taught nearer home, or in smaller numbers, or in more select 



116 EDUCATION. 

classes. Other private schools are of a high order of excel- 
lence and long standing, which enables them successfully to 
maintain a competition with our public schools, even under 
the admitted success and greater cheapness of the last. Many 
of the church societies of the place, also, especially the Ro- 
man catholic, the New Jerusalem temple society, and that 
of the Friends, as a settled principle, educate the children of 
their communion in their own schools. 

The whole number of private schools in the city are forty- 
four, of which four are for the benefit of colored people. 

II. The second class of schools is academies, or what are 
called classical schools. There are not, we believe, any in- 
corporated academies, simply for the purpose of classical 
instruction, in Cincinnati. It must be remarked, however, 
that in the western country, as yet very new, the colleges 
have been compelled to connect with them, as a part of their 
plan, schools, which in older countries would be called aca- 
demies, where pupils are directly preparing — chiefly in the 
classics — for a collegiate education. In addition to these 
semi-academies, all the private classical schools come under 
the general order of academies. Of these there are several in 
Cincinnati, where pupils, with those of the colleges here, 
probably make up the usual proportion of youth, who without 
being embraced in college classes, are pursuing classical and 
mathematical studies. 

III. Colleges. Of literary institutions under this name, 
there are three so called, of which two are incorporated and 
confer degrees. 

1. Cincinnati college. This is the oldest incorporated in- 
stitution of learning in Cincinnati, and in some respects has 
been the foundation of all the schools of the city. It was 
chartered at the legislative session of 1818-'19, and granted 
full university powers, with the exception that it should teach 
no sectarian doctrines. 

Its funds were furnished, in a large amount, by private 
liberality; a building was erected, and the institution went 



EDUCATION. 117 

into operation as a regular college. Many persons, who have 
since been conspicuous members of society, here graduated ; 
but, from causes not clearly known, it languished, and became 
at length a mere Lancasterian school. In 1835-'6, however, 
the collegiate department was revived under the presidency of 
the Rev. W. H. McGuffy — now president of Ohio university — 
and has since received a large number of pupils. The Rev. 
T. J. Biggs is now president, and the college contains one 
hundred and sixty pupils, of whom about one-fourth are in the 
college class. 

This institution owns a valuable building and ground in the 
centre of the city ; and is now conducting a course of instruc- 
tion, as thorough in the great elements of learning, the clas- 
sics and mathematics, as any of the older colleges of the Union. 

2. Woodward college. This also is a chartered institution, 
regularly empowered to confer degrees. The foundation of 
it, as well as that of the Cincinnati college, is honorable to the 
memory of the early settlers of the town. Mr. William 
Woodward granted, in trust, a very valuable block of ground 
in the north of the city, to found a free grammar school. It 
has since been leased out, subject to revaluation, and must ul- 
timately yield a large revenue to the college. 

It may here be proper to remark, that Mr. Woodward- was 
one of the old settlers of the town, and that the ground he 
conveyed, as well as a large quantity around it, constituted his 
farm; and that till within fifteen years his tanyard, orchard, 
farm-house, and appurtenances, remained comparatively un- 
broken. Now the whole is traversed with streets mostly 
built up with comfortable and even elegant houses, a college 
founded and full of pupils, and a great busy population throng- 
ing around it. 

The Woodward college is under the care of the Rev. Dr. 
Aydelott. Its pupils have recently been near two hundred in 
number, a very small portion of whom are college students ; 
the residue being in the preparatory department. 

In two or three years the leases, from which the institution 



118 EDUCATION. 

derives much of its revenue, will be revalued, and it is sup- 
posed the college will have a very large endowment. 

The catholics of Cincinnati, under the care of bishop Pur- 
cell, have founded a college, now called St. Xavier college, for 
the instruction of youth. This institution is now presided over 
by the Rev. Mr. Elet, recently of the college at St. Louis. 
The pupils are now about one hundred in number ; and con- 
nected with the institution is a large library containing about 
four or five thousand volumes. 

St. Xavier college has yet no charter, but it is understood 
that one will be obtained shortly. 

IV. University instruction. There is not at Cincinnati 
any one institution which, in its proper sense, is a university. 
All the ends of such an one may be obtained by the various 
colleges and schools, in successful operation. 

1. Theology. There are three places of public instruction 
in theology, now established at Cincinnati. The Lane semi- 
nary is a presbyterian theological school, separately organized, 
and located at Walnut Hills, two miles from the heat and dust 
of the town. It is under the care of Professors Beecher, 
Stowe, and Allen. It has now about sixty students. Con- 
nected with it is the largest library in the Miami country ; it 
consists of about ten thousand volumes of very select works, 
both of general literature and theology. 

The St. Francis Xavier Theological Seminary belongs 
to the Roman catholic society. There are fifteen students 
in this institution, and three professors. Holy scripture, 
church history, doctrinal and moral theology, and canon law, 
are the chief objects of study. The episcopal residence ad- 
joins the seminary. It is also the residence of the pastors of 
the congregation, who are generally three in number. 

The Western Baptist Education society has also establish- 
ed a theological seminary opposite Cincinnati, in the city of 
Covington. It is not yet in operation, but is very nearly rea- 
dy. A large and elegant four story building is nearly finish- 
ed, for the accommodation of students. The property pes- 



EDUCATION. 1 19 

sessed by the Baptist board in Covington, is supposed suffi- 
cient, with the flourishing condition of Covington, to give the 
institution a most ample endowment. 

2. Of Law. The Cincinnati law school has now been for 
several years established; it is connected with the Cincinnati 
college, and under the immediate instruction of Timothy Wal- 
ker, Esq. The student has great advantages in the pursuit 
of legal studies at Cincinnati ; and when qualified, receives a 
regular degree of bachelor at law, from Cincinnati college. 

3. Of Medicine. The medical college of Ohio is located 
in Cincinnati, and affords the usual advantages for the study 
of medicine, and confers the regular degree. 

4. The Practical Arts. Regular classes are formed for 
drawing, the study of mathematics, and the hearing of lectures 
in the Mechanics' institute ; a small library is attached to the 
institute, and some useful philosophical instruments. 

We come now to a very important but neglected portion of 
human education — Female Schools. Of these there are sever- 
al in Cincinnati, under the care of competent teachers. There 
is no chartered female school in Cincinnati, but practically, 
we suppose, all the ordinary branches of female knowledge are 
well taught in the schools of Cincinnati. 

A general summary of the state of education in Cincinnati, 
shows that there is no feature of a complete system wanting, 
however separated and independent the parts may be, by be- 
ing produced in different institutions. A university education 
comprises an elementary teaching of the j^rofessioiis, and of 
the arts and sciences. We have already seen that there is 
connected with Cincinnati, three theological schools, a laiv 
school, a medical school, and several colleges for the cultivation 
of the arts and sciences. The effect of these is not seeming- 
ly very great to the eye, because produced by independent in- 
stitutions, but is really great in the aggregate. At Paris and in 
ihe cities of Germany, we hear of magnificent universities and 
magnificent results, because the whole is drawn out and ex- 
hibited in one creneral system, and concentrated at one point; 



130 EDUCATION. 

but in the United States it is different. The independent ac- 
tion of individuals and incorporations, peculiar to republican 
government, disjoints the parts, which, under an arbitrary gov- 
ernment, would have been combined in one general system. 

There are in Cincinnati at the present time, near four hun- 
dred students, engaged in what may be strictly termed univer- 
sity and college instruction. In that class of schools which 
are called academies, whether male or female, we suppose 
there are nearly fifteen hundred individuals ; in the common 
schools, and private schools of a similar kind, there are probably 
five thousand pupils ; in the aggregate, therefore, we suppose 
there are scarcely less than seven thousand scholars embraced 
in the various departments of education in Cincinnati. When 
we consider that there are from eight to ten thousand recent 
emigrants from Europe in the city, whose children have not 
yet become sufficiently assimilated to their new country, to 
share in the benefits of popular instruction, we see that nearly 
all the families who could partake of school education, to more 
or less extent, receive its benefits. We do not mean to say, 
that at any one time all the children of the city are in school, 
for such is the nature of civic occupations, that many children 
are required at home for the support of the family ; but we 
do mean to say, that some child of a family, at some time, in 
the great majority of cases, does share the inestimable bene- 
fits of school instruction ; and that, in time, the system will 
probably embrace all the children of the city.* 

We should view this result, so beneficent and so cheering, 
in connection with the fact, that it is but about ten or twelve 
years since the common schools of Cincinnati were establish- 
ed, and but just half a century since the town was founded, 
and the surrounding country a wilderness. In that time, all 
the arts of civilization have been transplanted to this new re- 
gion, and with them the school house and the school master, 

* We should here mention, that the trustees have provided evening schools 
for such as cannot attend in the day time ; and that schools have also been 
formed, in which both German and English are taught. 



A 



m • 



i 






# 



*^ 



l|». 




EDUCATION. 121 

quite as vigorous in growth, and benign in their results, as in 
any land, wherever planted. 

We may add here, that the corps of instructors are as ca- 
pable in mind, and as well prepared in materials for the du- 
ties of their profession, as in any other portion of the United 
States. We may suppose, without extravagance, that popu- 
lar education in Cincinnati, will grow in extent and quality in 
a degree scarcely less than the rapid growth of the city, in 
population and commercial prosperity. 

Central in locality and population to the great valley of the 
Ohio, with proper cultivation and a proper tone of public feel- 
ing, the schools of this city will become literally schools of 
teachers, for the people — soon to number tens of millions— 
who fill up this valley, and who are to give tone, sentiment, 
and principles to that vast population. 

In connection with this subject we may with propriety men- 
tion, that about 1831, an association was formed in Cincinnati 
called the College of Teachers. Its object was to embody 
the teachers — not only of Cincinnati, but of the Mississipi 
valley — in an association, in developing the best modes of 
teaching, and in elevating the profession. Connected with it 
were literary gentlemen of different professions, Avho felt the 
necessity of giving new vigor and dignity to the business of 
instruction. 

The results of this association have been indirectly most 
beneficent. They have published five volumes of their pro- 
ceedings, in which are embodied some of the best thoughts 
and most eloquent discussions on the subject of popular in- 
struction, which have yet been put forth in the United States. 
But in addition to these discussions, numerous individuals have 
been enlightened and excited by them, who have since gone 
forth into the fields of instruction, into the conventions of the 
people, and into the halls of legislation, animated with a spirit 
which has burst forth in the most ample provision — in Ohio at 
least — for the support of common schools, and the permanent 
elevation of the teachers'' profession. 



122 LANE SEMINARY. 

The institution which produced these results was — if not 
the first — among the first in the United States, and has re-act- 
ed in a salutary influence on older communities. 

In conclusion, we may state the fact, that Cincinnati has 
been resorted to by many enlightened individuals, Avith a view 
to the education of their families ; and that its mild climate, 
its beautiful environs, its high tone of moral feeling, and the 
abundance of its schools, do not discourage the idea that the 
metropolitan city of the west, furnishes educational, equal to 
its business, advantages. 



LANE SEMINARY. 

This is an institution devoted entirely to theological educa- 
tion, under the patronage of new school Presbyterians. The 
buildings are, four dwelling houses for professors — not shown 
in the plate; a seminary edifice four stories high and one 
hundred feet in length, containing eighty-four rooms for stu- 
dents ; a boarding house ; a chapel seventy-five feet by fifty- 
five, containing a chapel room fifty-five feet by fifty, a library 
room capable of receiving thirty thousand volumes, and four 
lecture rooms. These buildings and the library have cost the 
institution over fifty thousand dollars. 

HISTORY OF THE INSTITUTION. 

As early as 1820, Rev. James Kemper and his sons sug- 
gested the plan of establishing here a manual labor institution 
for theological students, and made some arrangements for the 
purpose. In 1826, Mr. Kemper proposed the plan to the 
General Assembly of the Presbyterian church, who decided, 
in 1827, that the location was too far west, and fixed their 
western seminary at Pittsburg. 

In 1828 — 30, Ebenezer Lane, esq., with his brothers, made 
a donation to the seminary of four thousand dollars ; whereup- 
on it was incorporated under the name of the " Lane Theolo- 
gical Seminary," and trustees were appointed. To these 



LANE SEMINARY. 123 

trustees Rev. Mr. Kemper and sons made over, for the benefit 
of the institution, sixty acres of land, on which the buildings 
were subsequently erected. In 1832, Arthur Tappan, esq., 
of New York, subscribed twenty thousand dollars for the pro- 
fessorship of theology. The same year, fifteen thousand dol- 
lars were raised for the professorship of ecclesiastical history, 
the largest contributor of which was Ambrose White, esq., of 
Philadelphia ; and the same sum for the professorship of bib- 
lical literature, one of the largest donations being from gene- 
ral Stephen Van Rennselaer, of Albany. In 1835, the profes- 
sorship of sacred rhetoric was established on a fund of twen- 
ty thousand dollars, a large portion of which was given by 
John Tappan, esq., of Boston. 

The institution went into operation in 1833. The whole 
number of students that have been connected with it since 
that time, is about three hundred. The number now in the 
seminary is sixty-two. 

Terms of Admission. 

Candidates for admission must produce satisfactory testimo- 
nials that they are members, in good standing, of some Chris- 
tian church ; that they possess competent talents ; that they 
have been regularly graduated at some college or university, 
or have pursued a course of study equivalent to the common 
college course. Applicants for admission to an advanced 
standing must be prepared for examination on the subjects that 
have been studied by the class which they wish to enter. 
Course of Study. 

The course occupies three years ; and every student is ex- 
pected to enter with the intention of completing the full course. 
As far as practicable, the different branches are pursued simul- 
taneously. The department of biblical literature occupies 
three days in the w^eek during the first year, two during the 
second, and one during the third ; systematic theology, two 
days in the ^veek during the whole course of three years; 
church history, one day in the week through the whole course ; 
sacred rhetoric and pastoral theology one day in the week the 



124 LANE SEMINARY. 

first year, two the second, and three the third. The object in 
this arrangement is to afford a pleasant variety of study, and 
to keep up a proper interest in all the departments through 
the whole course. Hitherto the plan has been pursued with 
results highly satisfactory to the faculty. 

Term Time. 

The annual term of study commences the third Wednesday 
in September, and continues forty weeks. The term is closed 
with a thorough public examination. Anniversary occurs on 
the second Wednesday in June. 

Library. 

The seminary library contains ten thousand volumes ; the 
greater part of which was selected with great care by one of 
the professors, who went to Europe for the express purpose 
of purchasing the books. There are here found not only the 
standard works in all the departments pertaining to a theolo- 
gical course, but also a very rich variety of authors in general 
literature and science. The library of the Society of Inquiry 
contains three hundred and twenty-six volumes. 

The reading room and Athenaeum contain twenty-one news- 
papers, and twenty-four of the most valuable literary and the- 
ological periodicals. 

Manual Labor. 

Every student is expected to labor three hours a day at some 
agricultural or mechanical business ; and for this the necessary 
accommodations are provided. While the leading aim of this 
regulation is to promote health and vigor of both body and 
mind, compensation is received according to the value of the 
labor. The avails of manual labor are much affected by the 
state of business in the city. In times of commercial pros- 
perity, students have frequently earned one hundred dollars a 
year, exclusive of their earnings during the twelve weeks of 
vacation. 

Expenses. 

There is no charge for tuition. The rooms are fully fur- 
nished, and rented at five dollars per annum. Incidental ex- 



MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO. 125 

penses, including fuel and lights for public rooms, ringing bell 
and sweeping, five dollars. By the assistance of funds recent- 
ly contributed, the price of board is reduced to sixty-two and 
a half cents per week. To those not receiving assistance from 
the funds, the price is about ninety cents. The cost of fuel 
and lights for each student will average from eight to twelve 
dollars per annum. 

Trustees. — Nathaniel Wright, esq.. President; John H. 
Groesbeck, esq., Vice President; Jabez C. Tunis, 2d Vice 
President; Stephen Burrows, 3d Vice President; Rev. Ben- 
jamin Graves, Corresponding Secretary; Osmond Cogswell, 
Recording Secretary ; Gabriel Tichenor, esq., Treasurer; Rev, 
Robert H. Bishop, D. D. ; Augustus Moore, Daniel Corwin, 
Ezekiel Ross, Henry Van Bergen, Rev. Franklin Y. Vail, 
James Warren, M. D., William Schillinger, Robert Wallace, 
John Baker, Daniel Wurtz, Rev. T. J. Biggs, George W. 
NefF. 

Faculty. — Rev. Lyman Beecher, D. D., President, and Pro- 
fessor of Theology. Rev. Calvin E. Stowe, D. D., Profes- 
sor of Biblical Literature and Lecturer on Church History. 
Rev. D. Howe Allen, A. M., Professor of Sacred Rhetoric 
and Pastoral Theology, and Lecturer on Church Polity. Cal- 
vin E. Stowe, Librarian. 



MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO. 

This institution was chartered, and placed under the control 
of a board of trustees, in December, 1825. 

The state furnished the means by which a large and com- 
modious edifice was erected. It contains large lecture rooms 
and an amphitheatre, together with apartments for the library, 
as well as private rooms for the professors, and apartments 
well fitted up for pursuing, privately, the study of anatomy. 
The library contains upwards of two thousand volumes, of 
well selected standard works, purchased by the state, and for 

l2 



126 MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO. 

ihe use of the students of the college. The cabinet belong- 
ing to the Anatomical department is supplied with all the 
materials necessary for acquiring a minute and thorough 
knowledge of the human frame. These consist of detached 
bones, of wired and natural skeletons, and of dried prepara- 
tions to exhibit the muscles, blood-vessels, nerves, lymphat- 
ics, etc. etc. In addition, are very accurate wooden models 
of the small bones, and representations in wax, of the soft and 
more delicate structures. 

The cabinet of Comparative Anatomy is supposed to be 
supplied more extensively, and with rarer specimens, than any 
other in the Union. Besides perfect skeletons of foreign and 
American animals, birds, &c., there is an immense number of 
detached crania, from the elephant and hippopotamus to the 
minute orders. 

The cabinet belonging to the Surgical department has been 
formed at great expense, by the labor of more than thirty-five 
years. It contains a large number of very rare specimens, 
among which are sections of the thigh bones, that establish as 
fact, what European surgeons have long denied, viz : the pos- 
sibility, by proper treatment, of a re-union, after a fracture, of 
the neck of these bones. There are near five hundred speci- 
mens of diseased bones alone. 

Of the department of Chemistry, it seems hardly necessa- 
ry that we should speak. The known industry and extraor- 
dinary enthusiasm, in every department of the physical scien- 
ces, of the gentleman who fills the chemical chair, are the 
strongest guarantees, that for the most full and efficient per- 
formance of the peculiar duties allotted to him, nothing that 
was necessary has been left unprovided. Many of his instru- 
ments are the result of his own powers of invention ; but the 
most important were selected by himself in Europe, and pur- 
chased at great cost. 

Belonging to the chair of Materia Medica, is a large col- 
lection of indigenous plants, their extracts and other medicinal 
preparations, together with all the foreign articles used in prac- 



MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO. 127 

tice ; and the various topics embraced in the department of 
Obstetrics and Diseases of TVomeii and Children, are ^eluci- 
dated in part by numerous and exceedingly interesting wax 
casts, most of which were obtained in Paris of some of the 
best French artists. 

The students have the advantage of access to the Commer- 
cial Hospital, where they witness the medical and surgical 
treatment of the patients by members of the faculty. This is 
an invaluable privilege, and affords the students great facilities 
for acquiring a correct knowledge of diseases and their treat- 
ment. There are in the hospital, annually, several hundred 
patients ; and during the two winters usually devoted to at- 
tendance upon lectures, as great a variety of diseases is pre- 
sented to the student, as generally falls under the observation 
of a physician during a lifetime of practice. But what is of 
first importance to the western student is the fact, that through 
the facilities afforded by the connection spoken of, he can ac- 
quire a perfect knowledge of those diseases which he will be 
called upon to treat, on his first introduction into practice. A 
further advantage of this connection also, is that students have 
the opportunity of witnessing operations, by one, long and 
successfully acquainted with the practical use of the knife. 

In the prosecution of Practical Anatomy, also, every facil- 
ity is afforded them that can be obtained at similar institutions 
of the country. 

The Faculty is composed of six professors, viz. : John T. 
Shotwell, M. D., Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, and 
Dean of the Faculty ; John Locke, M. D., Professor of Che- 
mistry and Pharmacy; R. D. Mussey, M. D., Professor of 
Surgery; Paniel Oliver, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica, 
and Lecturer on Pathology ; M. B. Wright, M. D., Professor 
of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children; Jared P. 
Kirtland, M. D., Professor of the Theory and Practice of 
Medicine. 

The fees of tuition are fifteen dollars to each professor, mak- 
ing an aggregate of ninety. There are six lectures daily. 



128 OHIO mechanics' institute. 

At no period during its entire history have the prospects of 
the school been more encouraging. The utmost harmony 
prevails in the faculty, and the present class is as large as any 
which has ever attended, with one exception. There are, at 
present, one hundred and thirty students. 

OHIO MECHANICS' INSTITUTE. 

The importance of popular education to a people whose in- 
stitutions are founded on the principle of universal suffrage, 
has long been duly appreciated by our citizens, generally. 
Our free-school system, and the pride we all take in directing 
the attention of those who visit us to our commodious and 
handsome school-houses, are proofs of the correctness of our 
principles on this subject. There are, however, those among 
us, who think that something more is necessary to be done in 
the cause of general education, than to establish common 
schools. They consider it necessary to the prosperity of our 
country and its progress in improvement, that the sciences, 
which have heretofore been taught only in our higher semina- 
ries of learning, should be made accessible to all who possess 
taste and talent to cultivate them to advantage. They arc of 
opinion that those who are engaged in the mechanic arts and 
manufactures, would make better progress by being acquainted 
with the scientific principles on which those arts are founded, 
by which means a constant advance towards perfection may be 
made. They consider also, that as the poor and the rich are 
alike eligible to office in the government of the country, they 
ought to have like opportunities of fitting themselves for use- 
fulness, by cultivating any branch of knowledge which their 
taste and talents might indicate. 

From such considerations, a number of our citizens were 
induced, some years since, to attempt the establishment of an 
institution which should afi'ord the means of instruction in any, 
and all, the sciences taught in our country, to all the young 
men of our city who desire improvement, and thirst for know- 



OHIO mechanics' institute. 129 

ledge. They adopted the name of the Mechanics' Institute, 
because institutions under that name were already established, 
and had acquired favor with the public, in many parts of our 
country and of Great Britain. But their hope and intention 
was to form an establishment, differing in some respects from, 
and superior to, any of the institutions bearing the same name. 
The plan was, not only to establish a library and reading 
room, with regular series of scientific lectures on two or three 
evenings of each week, but also, to provide for the formation 
of classes for the cultivation of the different sciences ; to be 
conducted on the principle of mutual instruction, with such 
aid as might be necessary from professional teachers, some of 
whom were among the founders of the institute, and its most 
zealous friends. It was intended that a foundation should be 
laid, so broad, that all associations for the cultivation of the 
arts or sciences might be embraced in it, and all the efforts for 
the advancement of learning, or improvement in the arts, be 
there concentrated, and thus the waste of that effort of enter- 
prise be prevented which had already established various lite- 
rary and scientific societies in our city, to continue two or 
three years in existence, and then dwindle and die and be for- 
gotten. 

A charter was obtained in 1828, and the operations of the 
institution commenced on a very humble and limited scale, in 
the north wing of the Cincinnati College, Dr. John D, Craig, 
who had long been an eminent teacher of natural philosophy 
in Philadelphia, Baltimore and our city, being the first presi- 
dent of the institute. Instructions were given in botany, che- 
mistry, mechanics, geometry and arithmetic, by Drs. Locke, 
Cleveland and Craig, and Messrs. Kinmont and Talbott, and 
popular lectures by Messrs. Noble, Foote, Peters, Drake, and 
others. Dr. Craig, however, being soon after appointed su- 
perintendent of the patent office, removed to Washington. 
His valuable philosophical apparatus was left here, and after 
some time was purchased by the late J. D. Garrard for the 
sum of $2000, and presented to the institute. Contributions 



130 OHIO mechanics' institute. 

of books were also made for the library, which was soon 
opened for the benefit of the members. Several of the most 
distinguished of our public teachers volunteered their aid, in 
the instruction of the classes, which were formed for cultiva- 
ting various sciences ; and in which the pupils displayed great 
zeal for improvement. The want of a suitable building was 
felt as soon as the operations began, and an opportunity offer- 
ing of purchasing the old Baptist church on Walnut street, on 
favorable terms, four of the directors ventured to make the 
purchase, and become accountable for the payments, which 
were extended to periods of several years. As this was a fa- 
vorable purchase, it was expected that the public would afford 
such aid to the institution, as would enable it to meet the pay- 
ments. This expectation, however, was not well founded ; 
for although the institute was for several years in a prosper- 
ous condition, as far as it related to the benefits it was confer- 
ring, yet its funds from contributions of membership were not 
equal to its ordinary expenses ; and instead of acquiring the 
means of paying for the building, it was increasing its debts ; 
and the commercial embarrassments of the city occurring, it 
was found impracticable to meet the payments, and, that the 
building must be sold. Previous to this period, Dr. Craig had 
returned from Washington, and was engaged in delivering 
regular courses of lectures in natural philosophy, and superin- 
tending the operations of the institute generally. For the pur- 
pose of continuing to the public the benefits of the institution, 
a building was rented, fitted up, and occupied for two or three 
years ; but not affording suitable accommodations, a gradual 
declension of interest in the institute, on the part of the pub- 
lic, was experienced, until the directors began to despair of 
being able to continue its existence, and appointed a commit- 
tee to report on the subject. This committee, however, re- 
ported that it was too valuable an institution to be suffered to 
fall without making some further efforts for its support ; which 
report was adopted, and fresh exertions commenced in its be- 
half. Soon after this period a suggestion was made in one of 



OHIO mechanics' institute. 131 

the newspapers, of giving a public ball for its benefit, which 
was immediately carried into eflect. On this occasion so 
much spirit was displayed by the citizens generally, in con- 
tributing in various ways to increase the receipts, that the sum 
of three thousand dollars was raised, which was ordered to be 
kept entire, and appropriated towards the purchase or erection 
of a building. An opportunity offered, soon after, of purchas- 
ing the building erected by Mrs. Trollope, and called the ba- 
zaar, for the sum of ten thousand dollars, which was consid- 
ered a very advantageous purchase, and was therefore effected. 
This building affords more commodious accommodations than 
the institute had ever enjoyed previously, and has been so fit- 
ted up as to adapt it to its new occupation. 

In 1838 the institute held its annual fair, for the exhibition 
of ivestern manufactures and the encouragement of western 
artists. The exhibition was opened also in 1839 and '40, im- 
proving each year in its character, in public regard, and in 
profits to the institution ; affording an opportunity to our arti- 
sans and manufacturers of displaying their taste and skill in 
their various vocations ; and by gathering from year to year 
new visitors to the fair, diffusing more widely a knowledge 
of the character, and an interest in the operations of the insti- 
tute. 

Among the manufactures exhibited at the fairs, particularly 
worthy of notice as evincing a high degree of perfection in 
the workmanship, were saddlery, harness and trunks, boots 
and shoes, scale-beams, philosophical apparatus, mathematical 
instruments, silver ware, clocks, chairs, cabinet furniture, pi- 
ano fortes and other musical instruments ; locks, cutlery, edge- 
tools, castings in brass and iron, machinery, cotton-gins, card- 
ing and spinning machines, blacksmithing, carriages, sheet- 
iron stoves, grates, &;c. ; cut-glass, porcelain, carpeting, agri- 
cultural implements, hats and caps, oil-cloths, &c. The fairs 
commence on the third Monday in June annually. 

Soon after the last fair. Dr. Craig resigned his situation as 
lecturer, and returned to Philadelphia ; and a short time since 



132 OHIO mechanics' institute. 

Dr. John Locke, professor of chemistry in the Medical College 
of Ohio, Avas appointed his successor. Dr. Locke was one 
of the founders of the institute, and had devoted much time 
and labor to aid its progress. He had established its chemical 
class, and inspiring in the members an uncommon degree of in- 
terest in the subject, has had the satisfaction of witnessing its 
rapid progress in the science. He is now delivering a regu- 
lar course of lectures on natural philosophy, on two evenings 
of each week ; and on Saturday evenings popular lectures, on 
various subjects, are delivered by different gentlemen of learn- 
ing and talents, which have been highly instructive. 

The library has lately received some valuable additions from 
the contributions of Messrs. J. H. Perkins, D. B. Lawler, J. 
W. Blachly, P. S. Symmes and others, and is still increasing. 

The terms of membership of the institute are the payment 
of three dollars per annum, or thirty dollars for life, which en- 
titles the members to the use of the library and all the other 
privileges. Apprentices and minors, sons of members, are 
entitled to the same privileges, upon payment of fifty cents 
per annum. 

The hall of the institute is situated on Third street, east of 
Broadway ; it is thirty-seven feet front by one hundred feet in 
depth. The basement contains apartments for the janitor and 
curator, with two class-rooms ; the first floor contains the 
Iceture-room, apparatus-room, library, directors'-room, and a 
room devoted to the use of the Western Academy of Natural 
Sciences ; the second floor contains the reading room and a 
large saloon, which was formerly a ball room. There is a 
rotunda over the portico in the rear, which was originally in- 
tended for the exhibition of paintings, but which is now occu- 
pied by the drawing class. At the annual fairs, the first and 
second floors are devoted exclusively to the purposes of the 
exhibition, as well as a vacant lot adjoining. The business of 
the institute is managed by a board of fifteen directors, which 
is divided into standing committees on finance, library, lec- 
tures, classes, building, &c. 



FINE ARTS, FTC. 133 

The present board consist of — 

J. P. Foote, President. Geo. C. Miller, Vice President. 
Robert Lawson, Secretary. John L. Talbott, Treasurer. 
N. T. Horton, George Museroft, R. C. Phillips, James Pearce, 
Geo. R. Hand, Marston Allen, Jabez Reynolds, J. C.Vaughan, 
E. T. Collins, D. Griffey, and J. D. Douglas, Directors. 

Meetings of the board on the first Thursday of every month. 

Dr. John Locke is lecturer, and John Pickering curator, li- 
brarian, &c. to the institute. 



FINE ARTS, &c. 

7%e Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge^ 

Whose unpretending and simple name indicates but imper- 
fectly its peculiar character, is an association which originated 
in a desire to secure an extended education for its members by 
means of mutual instruction, and a wide sphere of usefulness 
by regular courses of popular lectures. The first meeting 
was held in March, 1840, when a constitution was adopted, 
officers elected, and the sections proposed in its plan of opera- 
tion organized as follows : 

1. Practical Teaching. 2. Exact and Mixed Sciences. 3. 
Natural Science. 4. Practical Arts. 5. Fine Arts. 6. Medi- 
cine. 7. Law. 8. Political Economy and Political Science, . 
9. Moral and Intellectual Philosophy. 10. History. 11. 
Language. 12. Commerce and Agriculture. 13. Polite Lit- 
erature. 14. Statistics. 

This division of subjects embraces so wide a range, that 
persons of every pursuit and taste can find a place where their 
powers may be employed beneficially both to themselves and 
the community; it being expected that each member will 
attach himself to one or more of the sections. 

It will be at once seen that the mode of operation is as 
follows : The parent association is composed of all individu- 
als desirous of higher culture, and ready to work for the im- 

M 



134 FINE ARTS, ETC. 

provement of their fellow-citizens who choose to join it, and 
is organized and conducted in the usual forms. The mem- 
bers of this general association, then, divide themselves into a 
number of affiliated societies, called sections, for the purpose 
of pursuing, each section by itself, in its own way, and under 
its own officers, some particular branch of study. Every 
member of the parent association must attach himself to some 
one of these affiliated societies; and is free to join as many 
as time and inclination may permit him to attend. Lastly, 
each section reports to the general association its proceedings, 
and supplies lectures on its own particular department. The 
purpose of the society is three-fold— 

First : it proposes to aid and stimulate its members to the 
attainment of a high degree of moral, intellectual, and social 
culture, by arranging classes of those interested in any par- 
ticular study, who meet regularly for purposes of reading, 
conversation, and mutual instruction. It is hoped that in this 
way the labor of students, who would otherwise have worked 
alone and unencouraged, will be lightened, their aims elevated, 
and their progress hastened. Those who are known to be most 
competent to take the lead in instruction, from their acquaint- 
ance with a branch of science, will be chosen the officers of 
the section devoted to it. Correspondence will be opened 
with persons who, in other places, are most distinguished for 
proficiency in any department of knowledge, art, or action; 
and the latest information sought and communicated, of new 
books, discoveries, and inventions. Thus, it is thought, the 
spirit of inquiry will be roused to activity, the habit of study 
fixed, and the glow of conscious improvement kept fresh. 
All know how much enthusiasm is quickened by sympathy, 
and by the contagious power of example. The first aim, 
therefore, of the society, is to promote the spirit of observa- 
tion, study, and thought, by making its members mutual in- 
structors. This is its most peculiar characteristic. 

Secondly : this association seeks to open its moral, intellec- 
tual, and social resources to the whole community, by means 



FINE ARTS, ETC. 135 

of lectures. The defect in popular lectures has usually been, 
that they are desultory, disconnected, and superficial. Cour- 
ses of lectures have, on the wliole, proved more useful and 
more interesting than single addresses. It is hoped, by this 
association, to combine at once variety and thorough acquain- 
tance with separate brandies. Each section, by the faithful 
pursuit of its own appropriate department of science, will be 
able, each winter, to offer one or more lectures to the public, 
of real worth; and instruction may thus be carried on, with a 
considerable degree of system, from year to year. Tickets 
for the courses of lectures will be offered at the lowest prices 
necessary for hiring and lighting a room, as the society adopts 
the two principles : first, that lecturers should give their ser- 
vices gratuitously ; and, second, that the lectures should 
be open to all who have leisure or desire to attend. A few 
words on these two points may not be out of place. Every 
individual in a community is bound to contribute his best and 
highest spiritual treasures to his fellow-men. A. miser of 
mind is more contemptible than a miser of money. The 
highest charity and the plainest justice is to share with others, 
especially with all who have few advantages, what gives 
most light, strength, and joy to our own souls. Again, free 
institutions are based on the conviction, that every individual, 
without regard to class and condition, has a right, limited only 
by his degree of capacity, to all the virtue and intelligence 
which the community possesses, and is entitled to the best 
opportunities for growth and usefulness which the community 
can give. Only by the acknowledgment of this right, in pro- 
fession and practice, can free institutions be preserved. By 
acting on these two disinterested principles, this society hopes 
to realize greater success than by engaging the services of 
hired lecturers. 

Thirdly: this association purposes, in proportion as its 
means and opportunities permit, to promote a general taste for 
moral, intellectual, and social progress — through the founda- 
tion of a public library — the collection of interesting objects 



136 FINE ARTS, ETC. 

in science— the opening a gallery of art — and publishing lec- 
tures or works which promise to exert a good influence. 

From this brief description, it will be understood that the 
*' Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge" has formed 
the worthy, even if bold, project, of seeking to realize for Cin- 
cinnati some of those benefits which seem peculiarly to belong 
to cities. Interest is the first IdssIs of communities in the pre- 
sent state of society; and municipal regulations principally 
provide for the security of each man's property, health, com- 
fort, and reputation. But unless the higher feelings are sti- 
fled, nobler relations meanwhile spring up between fellow- 
citizens. For they find themselves mutually dependent for 
the moral, intellectual, and social influences which combine to 
make the spiritual atmosphere of this community. Thus, 
finally, are they led to see that the grand end for which men 
are congregated in masses, is to circulate quickly from heart 
to heart the spiritual goodness, truth, beauty, and happiness, 
which are the life-blood of society. 

The success which has thus far attended the operations of 
the society, the interest with which the lectures have been re- 
ceived by the public, and the spirit shown in the proceedings 
of some of the sections, give evidence of future general use- 
fulness. 

The officers are — John P. Foote, President; E. P. Lang- 
don, Vice President; M. G. Williams, Recording Secretary; 
E. D. Mansfield, Corresponding Secretary; J.H.Perkins, 
Treasurer; N. Holley, Librarian. 

MUSICAL SOCIETIES. 

The Eclectic Academy of Music. 

This institution was organized in the spring of 1834, and 
received its charter from the Ohio legislature in 1835. 

The object of the academy, as set forth in the constitution, 
is "to promote knowledge and correct taste in music — espe- 
cially such as are adapted to moral and religious purposes." 



FINE ARTS, ETC. 137 

The institution has been progressing steadily since its for- 
mation, and now takes a stand which will bear comparison 
with societies of a similar character in the eastern cities. 

The academy consists at the present time of about one hun- 
dred members ; has a good library of music, vocal and orches- 
tral ; and has also attached to it an amateur orchestra of twen- 
ty-four instruments. 

The officers of the academy are — 

Hon. Jacob Burnet, President ; Moses Lyon, Vice Presi- 
dent; Charles D. Dana, Corresponding Secretary ; Charles 
R. Folger, Recording Secretary ; A. S. Merrell, Treasurer; 
H. H. Lewis, J. Foster, jr. and Cyrus Powers, Trustees ; V. 
Williams, Instrumental Prof essor ; W. E. Norris, Librarian. 

Musical Fund Society, 

Established on a plan similar to those of Philadelphia and 
New York ; was organized April 29, 1835. It had, however, 
been suspended for some years past, but has recently been re- 
vived, and promises much for the cultivation of musical taste 
and science in our city. 

Its objects, as stated in the constitution, are : — "First, the 
cultivation of the musical taste, by the encouragement and im- 
provement of professional and amateur talent. 

" Second, the establishment of a musical academy, by means 
of which pupils may be instructed in the theory and practice 
of music. 

"Third, the relief of distressed musicians, and, in case of 
death, of their widows ; and providing for their orphan chil- 
dren education and employment." 

Mr. J. Tosso is leader of the orchestra; no other officers 
have as yet been elected since the resuscitation of the society. 

FINE ARTS AND ARTISTS. 

A FEW general views must introduce the subject of the fine 
arts in Cincinnati. 

1. The fine arts do not require great individual wealth or 
BI 2 



138 FINE ARTS, ETC. 

power to support them or to bring them to perfection. That 
is a common error, not only false in itself, but discouraging to 
the efforts of native genius. The wealth that exists here is 
amply sufficient for the most favorable developments of what- 
evei- grade of genius and industry, which can or ought to be 
brought into this department ; one generation, however, must 
pass before that wealth will be thus elegantly spent. 

2. The fine arts do require great talent and industry in those 
who cultivate them, as well as a liberal basis of education, 
some travel, and personal respectability, to advance their first 
claims in a free community like this. The perfection of taste 
is the result of much happy association, much experimental 
trial, and much liberal study and accurate reflection. The fine 
arts do not spring at once into being in a new community. 

3. The field of art in Cincinnati is perfectly unbounded, 
both for the arts of design and expression. It is only neces- 
sary to think of the freedom of man, the marked individuality 
resulting therefrom, the multifarious nations and characters 
here congregated, the endless variety of occupations here car- 
ried on, the romantic history of the aborigines and the pio- 
neers, the grand and beautiful features of western scenery, the 
unconscious and almost wild spontaneity with which the in- 
fant world of the great valley has been and is now in all things 
developing itself, and the deep moral and physical interest of 
the great social movements of the times — it is only necessary 
to reflect upon these things to be struck with the extent and 
richness of the practical field, upon which the true artist of 
the west may enter. 

4. The men and women who first came out to people the 
west, must have been men and women of hope and resolution ; 
despair, indifl*erence, and a stupid spirit of inactive dependence 
never could have cut the bands of home and braved the haz- 
ards of western life. Is it surprising, then, that the children 
of the west should be ardent, yet practical, plain, yet poetical, 
busy with the present, yet swelling with the future? Surely 
this is not a race to deny to man its share of poetry and art. 



FINE ARTS, ETC. 139 

Hence we see forming native talent, in some instances, rare 
and precious, but without cultivation, eagerly seeking for the 
perfect, but without patience to wait, without schools of art to 
chasten and direct its energies, yet by the force of genius 
alone, triumphing over these obstacles and producing works 
which force the conviction of future greatness. 

From these premises, brieily as they are stated, Cincinnati 
must be regarded as one of the points where art in these latter 
times is one day to rear proud trophies and speak with a new 
power to the sense of the beautiful, the divine in man. Come 
when that day will, the statistics of art, few and feeble as 
they may appear in the following sketches, will then be read 
with interest as the first literary record of a germ of national 
character beginning to unfold, its dawning hour chilled by ne- 
cessity, but destined to flourish hereafter in the light of a bet- 
ter day. 

The following is a statement of the artists and their works 
in Cincinnati, with the date at which they commenced their 
course, their present residences, with names of persons in 
whose parlors their pictures, statues, &c. may be found. 

Portrait and Landscape Painters. 

Edwin B. Smith, 1815, New Orleans. Portraits and his- 
torical pieces — D. Churchill, J. H. Cromwell. 

*/jI. TV. Corwine,"^ 1821. Portraits — Capt. Jos. Pierce, P. 
S. Symmes, N. Guilford, Timothy Walker, &c., and at West- 
ern Museum. 

Joseph Mason, 1822, Michigan. Portraits — Geo. Selves, 
Mrs. Mason, D. Churchill. 

SamH M. Lee, 1826, Opelousas, Louisiana, Landscapes — 
P. S. Symmes, Joseph Graham, D. B. Lawler, J. G. AVor- 
thington, T. II. Yeatman, J. S. Armstrong, &;c. His best 
works are at Louisville, Ky. 

Alonzo Douglass, 1828, Cincinnati. Portraits — Andrew 
Burt, and James Douglass. 

* Deceased. 



140 FINE ARTS, FTC. 

C. Harding, 1828, Cincinnati. Portraits — S. S. L'Hom- 
medieii, Philip Young. 

Miner K. Kellogg, 1828, Florence, Italy. Portraits, fancy- 
pieces, &c. — William Manser, Charles F. Kellogg, Joseph S. 
Bates, Sheldon J. Kellogg. 

Tuttle* 1830, was a pupil of .West. Portraits — J. H. 
Cromwell, T. H. Yeatman, Jacob Burnet. 

Daniel Steele, 1830. 

/. H. Beard, 1830, Cincinnati. Portraits, fancy heads, and 
groups — Charles Stetson, Thomas Carter, R. R. Springer, 
S. S. L'Hommedieu, J. S. Armstrong, J. P. Foote, Griffin 
Taylor, S. E. Foote, G. K. Shoenberger, Wm. R. Morris, 
also at studio. 

/. P. Frankenstein, 1831, Philadelphia. Portraits — Capt. 
Pierce, Aaron Bowen, Mrs. R. T. Lytle. W. P. Resor. 

G. N. Frankenstein, 1831, Cincinnati. Portraits and land- 
scapes — Moses Burt, Hallowell's store, Wagener, Griffin Tay- 
lor, George Selves, and studio. 

John J. Tucker, 1834, Texas. Portraits — Dr. Shotwell, 
George Selves. 

TV. H. Powell, 1836, New York. Portraits — N. Long- 
worth, Nathaniel C. McLean, Mrs. Powell, Dr. Smith. 

Thomas B. Reed, 1836, New York. Portraits — W. R. 
Morton, I. G. Burnet, John J. Wright, Dr. Drake, George 
Selves. 

Wm. P. Brannan, 1837, Cincinnati. Portraits— Andrew 
Donogh and studio. 

Ji. Bahhvin, 1838, Cincinnati. Portraits and landscapes — 
Andrew Burt and Hallowell's store. 

T. W. Whittredge, 1838, Cincinnati. Landscapes — Hal- 
lowell and studio. 

Sidney S. Lyon, 1839, Cincinnati. Portraits and land- 
scapes — M. M. Carll, studio, Hallowell. 

John Cranch, 1839, Cincinnati. Portraits and fancy- 
pieces — Judge Miller, S. W. Davies, Mrs. A. Wood, E. 

* Deceased. 



FINE ARTS, ETC. 141 

Dexter, J. Longworth, John W. Coleman, Dr. Rives, J. C. 

Vaughan, studio. 

J. P. Flagg, 1840, Cincinnati. Portraits — James C. Hall, 
David Gwynne, Dr. Trimble, &lc. studio. 
Miniature Painters. 

Thomas Dawson^ 1825, Cincinnati. G. K. Shoenberger 
and studio. 

T. V, Peticolas, 1825, Cincinnati. — Studio. 

/. 0, Gorman, 1838, Cincinnati. — Studio. 

3Irs. R. Hosea,jr., 1838, Cincinnati. — Studio. 

Thomas Campbell, 1840, Cincinnati. — Wm. Yorke, J. H. 
Beard, J. D. Jones, J. P. Broadwell, and studio. 
Modelers and Sculptors. 

Hiram Powers, 1828, Florence, Italy. Busts — N. Long- 
worth, Mrs. A. Wood, J. P. Foote, Western Museum ; most 
of his best works are in the Atlantic cities and Italy. 

H. K. Brown, 1833, New York. Busts — D. Corwin, Dr. 
Israel Wilson. 

Shuhael Clevenger, 1837, Florence, Italy. Busts — N. 
Longworth, Wm. Greene, Judge Burnet, M. T. Williams, Dr. 
Eberle. 

Edward C. Brackett, 1839, New York. Busts — Henry 
Ives ; statue of Nydia the blind girl at the Cincinnati Acade- 
my of Fine Arts. 

John King, 1838, New York. Busts, cameos — Mrs. Ne- 
ville. 

John S. Whetstone, 1837, Cincinnati. Busts— Western 
Museum, J. Whetstone. 

A. Rostaing, 1835, Cincinnati. Cameo likenesses, and fan- 
cy heads in shell — N. Longworth, James C. Hall and studio. 
Societies of the Fine Arts. 

The Cincinnati Academy of Fine Arts was formed on 
the 18th of "October, 1838, by a few young men of Cincinnati, 
in order that by their union they might obtain greater facilities 
for improvement in the various branches of the fine arts. God- 



142 FINE ARTS, ETC. 

frey N. Frankenstein is President, and John L. Whetstone, 
Secretary, both of whom are named in the above table. They 
hekl an exhibition of one hundred and fifty pieces at the Me- 
chanics' Institute, in 1839, comprehending both foreign and 
native works ; but the exhibition was unsuccessful in a pecu- 
niary way, and did not enable them to accomplish their laud- 
able design of procuring a collection of casts. This they 
were, however, in the summer of 1840, enabled to do, through 
the liberality of several gentlemen ; and it was the first collec- 
tion of the kind ever brought to the West. In the spring of 
1841 they intend giving another exhibition, open to all west- 
ern artists ; and these exhibitions will probably be continued 
annually hereafter. They have recently obtained a charter. 

The great body of the Cincinnati artists are united in the 
Section of the Fine Arts, which is one of the fourteen gen- 
eral sections of the Hamilton county Society for the Diffusion 
of Useful Knowledge, founded in 1840. They meet regular- 
ly for study, reading, and practice ; and a series of lectures 
upon the fine arts is now in preparation to be delivered before 
them. They interchange books, drawings and models, and 
will receive the benefit of the county society's library, when 
formed. They contemplate no separate exhibitions, but will 
contribute their resources to the general annual exhibition of 
fine arts. It is probable, indeed, that both societies will be 
united in name, as they are now in object. The corps of ar- 
tists residing in Cincinnati is small, composed of young men 
of limited resources, and their aid from without will depend 
much upon their concentration of strength within. They will 
all probably, therefore, unite in one society, and that will be 
a working society. The president of the Section of the Fine 
Arts is John Cranch, who is named in the foregoing table, and 
the secretary is Wm. Piatt, a student of the arts. It numbers 
about twenty acting members, most of whom are artists. 



FIRE DEPARTMENT. 143 

FIRE DEPARTMENT. 

CINCINNATI FIRE ASSOCIATION, 

Instituted for the purpose of regulating the fire department, 
providing for sick and disabled members of the fire compa- 
nies, and settling disputes that may arise between one compa- 
ny and another. It is composed of seven members from each 
company, and five of the fire wardens. 

Officers. 
Josiah J. Stratton, President. Fenton Lawson, Treasurer. 
John D. Lovell, Secretary. 

Delegates from the different Companies. 

No. 1. Washington. Mark P. Taylor, A. W. Patterson, 
Joseph McDougal, H. H. Martin, Andrew J. Downs, Charles 
Chapman, Jacob Starr. 

No. 2. Relief. J. J. Stratton, J. G. Rust, Thomas G. 
Shaefier, John Young, William Q. Hodgson, James Pearce, 
Samuel King. 

No. 3. Independence. Miles Greenwood, William Disney, 
jr., Thomas Spooner, Charles R. Folger, Thomas Brooks, 
George Leonard, J. J. Tranchant. 

No. 4. Franklin. Samuel H. Taft, John A. Main, John 
C. Maggini, Thomas Bateman, Robert Waterman, William 
Humble, Jacob Jacobs. 

No. 5. Fame. A. Trowbridge, Charles C. Sackett, D. T. 
Snellbaker, Warren Finch, C. W. Smith, Enoch B. Scott, 
Benjamin Jenifer. 

No. 6. Fulton. D. H. Morton, William Clark, William 
C. Hardy, Thomas Carey, Sam'l M. Tomkins, Samuel Startz- 
man, Thomas Jone«. 

Independent Cotnpany. Fenton Lawson, Pollock Wilson, 
John Geyer, John D. Lovell, Wright Smith, jr., Charles A. 
Reeder. One vacancy. 



144 FIRE DEPARTMENT. 

Independent Company, No. 2. Edward Shields, John H. 
Empson, Robert Alexander, Francis G. Miller, Joseph Phil- 
lips, Joseph Cartwright, Casper Castner. 

Fire Guards. D. C. Wallace, William Orange, N. C. 
McLean, M. R. Taylor, Charles Barnes, M. P. Cassilly, Ben- 
jamin Tappan. 

Hook and Ladder Company. J. S. Chamberlain, A. B. 
Shaw, William Murray, Charles B. Frank, AV. G. Cham- 
berlain. 

Protection Society, No. 1. Erastus Poor, Piatt Evans, 
William Medary, Isaac C. Copelen, C. F. Hanselmann, Jas. 
Saffin. One vacancy. 

Fire Wardens, No. 1. Not represented. 

Fire Companies. 

Jeffry Seymour, City Engineer. 

Washington Fire Engine and Hose Company, No. 1. 

Pat Lyon — Engine 46 members 

Ranger — Hose 26 members 

Ohio — Engine 32 members 

Cincinnati Fire Engine and Hose Company, No. 2. 

Cincinnati — Engine 30 members 

Reliance — Hose 32 members 

Relief— Engine 34 members 

Independence Fire Engine and Hose Company, No. 3. 

Constitution — Engine • 33 members 

Veteran— Hose 18 members 

Liberty— Engine 37 members 

Franklin Fire Engine and Hose Company, No. 4. 

Neptune— Engine 23 members 

Nymph — Hose 25 members 

Atlantic— Engine 26 members 

Fire Engine and Hose Company, No. 5. 

Fame— Engine 23 members 

Canal — Hose 24 members 

Jefferson— Engine 27 members 



FIRE DEPARTMENT. 145 

Independent Fire Engine and Hose Company. 

Pilot — Engine 41 members 

Red Rover — Hose 53 members 

Water Witch — Engine 35 members 

Independent Fire Company, No. 2. 

Cataract — Engine 25 members 

Pioneer — Hose 21 members 

Deluge — Engine 35 members 

Hook and Ladder Company, 42 members 

Protection Society, 47 members 

Cincinnati Fire Guards, 66 members 

Fire Wardens, 32 members 

Public Cisterns, 

These are thirty-four in number, and are placed at the inter- 
sections of the following streets : — 

No. 1, Butler and Congress; 2, Pike and Symmes ; 3, 
Ludlow and Third ; 4, McAlister and Fifth ; 5, Broadway 
and Sixth ; 6, Sycamore and Lower Market ; 7, Sycamore 
and Fourth ; 8, Sycamore and Seventh ; 9, Sycamore and 
Woodward; 10, Main and Second; 11, Main and Fourth; 
12, Main and Sixth; 13, Main and Eighth; 14, Main and 
Twelfth; 15, Walnut and Third ; 1 6, Walnut and Fifth ; 17, 
Walnut and Seventh; 18, Walnut and Ninth; 19, Vine and 
First, or Front; 20, Vine and Fourth; 21, Race and Third; 
22, Race and Fifth ; 23 Race and Sixth ; 24, Race and Sev- 
enth ; 25, Race and Ninth ; 26, Elm and Fourth ; 27, Elm 
and Sixth; 28, Elm and Eighth; 29, Plum and Third; 30, 
Plum and Fifth; 31, Western-row and Fourth; 32, Western- 
row and Sixth ; 33, Western-row and Seventh ; 34, John and 
Fifth. 



N 



146 FIRE DEPARTMENT. 

Situations of Fire-Plugs. 
No. 1. Near Rolling-mill, above Deer creek, 

2. Opposite Brewery, above Deer creek. 

3. Near Water-works, above Deer creek. 

4. E. side of Pike, between Congress and Symmes. 

5. S. side of Symmes, between Lawrence and Pike. 

6. W. side of Lawrence, between Second and Congress. 

7. S. side of Second, between Lawrence and Ludlow. 

8. N. side of Second, between Broadway and Ludlow. 

9. W. side of Broadway, between Second and L. Market. 

10. E. side of Broadway, between Fourth and Fifth. 

11. N. side of Third, between Sycamore and Broadway. 

12. N. side of Fourth, between Sycamore and Broadway. 

13. S. side of Sycamore, between Fifth and Sixth. 

14. S. side of Fifth, between Sycamore and Broadway. 

15. W. side of Main, between Front and Second. 

16. W. side of Main, between Second and Pearl. 

17. E. side of Main, between Fourth and Fifth. 

18. E. side of Main, between Sixth and Seventh. 

19. N. side of Water, between Walnut and Main. 

20. N. side of Front, between Walnut and Main. 

21. N. side of Pearl, between Walnut and Main. 

22. Corner of Fourth and Walnut. 

23. N. side of Fifth, between Walnut and Main. 

24. E. side of AValnut, between Sixth and Seventh. 

25. N. side of Front, between Vine and Walnut. 

26. N. side of Fifth, between Vine and Walnut. 

27. E. side of Vine, between Front and Second. 

28. Corner of Canal and Vine. 

29. N. side of Water, between Race and Vine. 

30. N. side of Fifth, between Race and Vine. 

31. N. side of Front, between Elm and Race. 

32. N. side of Fifth, between Elm and Race. 

33. W. side of Plum, between Water and Front. 

34. N. side of Water, between Elm and Plum. 

35. W. side of Race, between Second and Third. 



WATER WORKS. 147 



WATER-WORKS. 



Samuel H. Davies, Superintendent; James F. Irwin, Secre- 
tary; Ezra Carpenter, Collector. 

This important establishment was originally projected by 
Col. Saml. W. Davies, in the year 1817. In May of that 
year, he obtained from the city council a charter, granting the 
exclusive privilege of laying pipes, &c. in the streets of the 
city, for the term of 99 years. 

A suitable building for his operations was commenced in 
1819, on the bank of the river, a short distance above Deer 
creek. This edifice, which is appropriated to the machinery 
for raising water, has its foundation laid deep and strong in 
the rock which, at this place, forms the bed of the Ohio. 
Its walls, commencing about ten feet above low water mark, 
are built of limestone. They are eight feet thick at the foun- 
dation, diminishing gradually to a height of thirty-five feet, 
where they are five feet thick. Here the brick-work com- 
mences. The building on the river side is ninety feet high. 
A well, which has been excavated in the solid rock beneath 
the building, communicates by a canal with the deep water, 
and thus guarantees a constant supply at the lowest possible 
depression of the river. The water is raised from this well 
by lifting-pumps to a point above high water mark, and is 
thence forced up to the reservoirs on the hill, a distance of 
about seven hundred feet. These reservoirs are elevated one 
hundred and fifty feet above low water mark, and about thirty 
feet above the upper plane of the city. The machinery em- 
ployed for the purpose is a forty horse power steam engine. 

The largest of these reservoirs is one hundred and three 
feet by fifty feet, and the smaller ninety-four feet by forty-five 
feet. The average depth of the whole is twelve feet, and 
their capacity one million six hundred thousand gallons. The 
Avater is carried through cast iron pipes under the bed of Deer 
creek to the intersection of Broadway and Third street, 
where it is distributed along all the principal streets, through 



148 WATER WORKS. 

pipes of oak logs with iron joints. About twenty-four miles 
of pipe have been already laid, and they are constantly ex- 
tended as rapidly as public convenience and patronage require. 
The price of water varies according to the quantity supplied 
to a hydrant, the minimum rate being ten dollars. Those 
who take the water are at the expense of conducting it from 
the main pipe in the street, and furnishing hydrants, as well 
as keeping them in order. 

Until 1826, the works were carried on individually. In 
that year, under the necessity of increasing its operations, the 
ownership was transferred to others, who became incorporated 
under the title of " The Cincinnati Water Company," and 
who, after repeated efforts to sell out to the city since, accom- 
plished that arrangement, under the sanction of a public vote 
of the citizens, in 1839. 

The report of the superintendent of the works, for 1840, 
will serve to explain their present condition. 

Statement of the Condition of the Water Works, on the I5th 
of December, 1840. 
There are now in the city, 
Wooden pipes, from 1| to 2k inches in diameter, lO^ miles. 
Iron pipes, from 4 to 20 inches in diameter 4^ " 

Making in all 23| " 

There has been laid since the purchase of the works by the city, 

Wooden pipes of 2i inches diameter 3,337 feet. 

Iron pipes of 4 to 10 inches diameter 3,311 *' 

Making in all 6,648 " 

Being all the pipes laid down in that period, except the ordi- 
nary repairs of logs, the expense of which equals the cost of 
three inch iron pipes ^ and in view of this fact, I again respect- 
fully suggest to the committee the importance of abandoning 
the putting down the logs entirely, and laying nothing but 
iron pipes. It is at once seen, that although the original cost 
of logs is much cheaper than iron, yet the repairs of such logs 



WATER WORKS. 149 

cost as much as the iirst cost o^ iron pipes of double the capa- 
city ; as regards economy, therefore, there can be but one 
opinion, and that is in favor of good iron pipes. Another dis- 
advantage from the use of logs, which is severely felt in the 
upper part of the city, is the impossibility of supplying through 
them as much water as the wants of the citizens require ; being 
necessarily of small diameter, and the draft on them constant, 
the water will not rise in the upper part of the city to within 
twenty feet of the height of the reservoir. In cities, such as 
Philadelphia, where the average height of their reservoir is 
less than in our own city, they have an abundant supply of 
water, not only for domestic purposes, but in case of fire also, 
which I deem one of the first objects of a well regulated water 
works. The reason of this abundant supply is obvious, as in 
Philadelphia they have iron pipes of capacity sufficient for all 
their wants. They suffered formerly at Philadelphia in the 
same manner as ourselves, when at one time they had six lines 
of ivooden jnpes leading their water to the city, which they 
finally abandoned and substituted iron pipes of large diameter. 

There has been discontinued since the city came into pos- 
session of the water works — of wooden pipes, seven thousand 
eight hundred and seventy-one feet. Of this amount three thou- 
sand three hundred and eleven feet have been replaced with 
iron pipes, and four thousand five hundred and sixty feet have 
been discontinued on streets where the former company had 
laid down iron pipes, and still continued the use of the logs. 
The attachments were therefore changed to the iron pipes and 
the logs abandoned, by which considerble leakage and many 
repairs have been avoided. 

The consumption of water in the city has averaged for the 
last year, one million and eighty thousand gallons daily, which 
has been distributed to three thousand tenants, being an ave- 
rage daily supply to each tenant of three hundred and sixty 
gallons. This large average supply is attributable, partially, 
to the constant practice throughout the city of families and 
other establishments supplying themselves with water from 

n3 



150 STEAMBOATS. 

the hydrants and pipes without authority, which has become 
a very serious drawback upon the revenue of the works. But 
the large average supply (so greatly beyond the wants of 
the citizens) is principally owing to the innumerable leaks 
from the wooden pipes, which it is impossible to discover, as 
the water descends into the gravel and into the numerous sink 
holeSf so common on the upper plane of the city. 

As the iron pipes are substituted, this waste will diminish, 
and I have no doubt, when the wooden pipes are all abandon- 
ed, and some prompt measure enforced against such as take 
water without authority, that the present amount of fuel con- 
sumed by the engines will supply double the number of tenants. 

The average supply of water to each tenant in the city of 
Philadelphia is one hundred and seventy-seven gallons daily, 
being less than half the quantity supplied from the works of 
this city. 

The present engines and pumps can supply, by working 
twelve hours each day, twenty-one million gallons of water, 
by running both engines at the same time. 
Respectfully submitted, 

S. H. DAVIES, Superintendent. 

STEAMBOATS. 

List of steam vessels belonging the District of Cincinnati, 
January, 1841. 



Adriatic tons 383 

Atalanta 180 

Athenian » 110 

A. M. Phillips 175 

Bridge water ...... 160 

Ben Franklin 311 

Bowling Green .... 148 

Columbia 140 

Chieftain 322 

Crusader 98 

Cinderella ....... 125 



Columbus 340 

Creole 110 

Commodore 198 

Com. Barney 25 

Davy Crockett 99 

Dolphin 48 

Dove 34 

Echo 158 

Elk 89 

Eagle 56 

Fair Play 135 



STEAMBOATS. 



151 



Freedom 38 

Fairy Queen 60 

Flying Dutchman . • • 169 

General Pike 235 

General Wayne .... 208 

General Harrison ... 149 

Gov. Morehead .... 98 

Home 75 

Hoosier 82 

Hope 44 

Indian 73 

Indiana 137 

Independence 275 

Joan of Arc 343 

Lawrence 79 

Lexington 230 

Lady Scott 58 

Levi Welch 83 

Lily 82 

Mail 148 

Mediator 215 

Marmion 204 

Maryland 100 

Maid of Kentucky . . 192 

Miami 115 

Mechanic 98 

Monroe 89 

North Star 148 

New Orleans 305 

Ohio Belle 295 

Ozark 130 

Osceola 94 

Princeton 125 



Patrick Henry 162 

Picayune 80 

Pike 295 

President 249 

Paul Pry 34 

Queen of the West . . 291 

Relief 90 

Reporter 135 

Renown 148 

Rubicon 164 

Southerner 205 

Swiftsure 116 

Swan 93 

Sunflower 71 

Scioto Valley 195 

Splendid 354 

Saline 75 

Swallow 253 

Sylph 65 

Tuckahoe . 80 

Transit 104 

Tarquin 178 

Tide 99 

Triumph 68 

Trader 29 

Vesta 35 

Victor 90 

Vienna 155 

Volant 113 

Wacousta 98 

Wyoming 99 

Winchester 162 

Zephyr 109 



There are 437 steamboats navigating the western waters, of 
the following tonnage: — from 30 to 100 tons, 78; from 100 
to 200, 212; from 200 to 300, 105; from 300 to 400, 24; 
from 400 to 500, 8 ; from 500 to 600, 5; from 600 to 700., 4; 
785 tons, 1. 



152 UNITED STATES OFFICES. 



UNITED STATES OFFICES. 

Cincinnati is a port of entry and enrolment. J. B. War- 
ren, Surveyor and Depository of Public Monies for this dis-^ 
trict. 

Office of the Surveyor General of Public Lands. 

This office was created by act of congress, passed May 18, 
1796, and embraced what was then called the " North-west- 
ern Territory." After the purchase of Louisiana, its jurisdic- 
tion was extended to all the public lands west of the Missis- 
sipi river, and north of the 33d degree of latitude, compre- 
hending then within its limits, an extent of territory which 
now comprises the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, 
Missouri and Arkansas ; and the territories of Wisconsin and 
Iowa. 

By subsequent acts of congress, new surveying districts 
were set off, and similar offices established. This surveying 
district now embraces the states of Ohio, Indiana, and Mi- 
chigan. 

Under the direction of the surveyor general, all the public 
lands in those states are surveyed. He appoints his own dep- 
uties, who receive their instructions from him ; and by them 
the public surveys are executed. The original field-notes of 
all those surveys are returned to the surveyor general, and fil- 
ed in his office. From these field-notes the plats, or maps, 
of the several townships of the public lands are prepared in 
this office, and copies thereof transmitted to the general land 
office at Washington city, and to the land offices respectively, 
at which the lands are to be sold. 

The following are the names of the several surveyors gen- 
eral who have held this office : — 

Rufus Putnam, appointed in 1796; Jared Mansfield, 1803; 
Josiah Meigs, 1813; Edward Tiffin, 1814; William Lytle, 
1829; Micajah T. Williams, 1831 ; Robert T. Lytle, 1835; 
Ezekiel S. Haines, 1838. 



UNITED STATES OFFICES. 153 

The office, as now constituted, consists of — Ezekiel S. 
Haines, Surveyor General; Samuel Williams, Chief Clerk; 
Samuel Morrison, Augustus Hopkins and Charles Woelner, 
Draughtsmen; James T. Higbee and Arthur St. Clair Vance, 
Clerks. 

Office, at the Lytle Mansion, Lawrence, between Symmes 
and Fourth streets. 

Post-Office. 

The first post-office at Cincinnati was established in 1793, 
Abner Dunn being postmaster. His successors have been, 
William Maxwell, Daniel Mays, William Ruffin, and William 
Burke, the present incumbent. In 1815, the mails that arriv- 
ed each week, were but nine; in 1828, they were twenty- 
three ; at present there are sixty weekly mails. 

Revenue. V\^eekly Mails. 

51,226.71 . .60 
55,017.32 . . 60 
49,815.13 . .60 

Arrivals and Departures of the Mails, at the Post-office at 

Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Eastern Mail, via Columbus, O., and Wheeling, Va., arrives 

at 82, A. M.; departs at 11, A. M. ; closes at 10, A. M. 
Southern mail, via Louisville, Ky., by steam-boat, arrives at 

7, A. M. ; departs at 10, A. M ; closes at 9, A. M. 
Southern mail, via Georgetown and Lexington, Ky., arrives 

at 7, A. M. ; departs at 10, A. M. ; closes at 9, A. M. 
Northern mail, via Hamilton and Dayton, Ohio, arrives at 12 

at night ; departs at 5, A. M. ; closes previous to day of 

departure at 8, P. M. 
Western mail, via Indianapolis, la., arrives daily, Mondays 

excepted, at 8, P. M. ; departs daily, Sundays excepted, at 

5, A. M. ; closes previous to departure at 8, P. M. 
Newport and Covington mail arrives at 8, A. M. ; departs at 

9, A. M ; closes at 9, A. M. 



Year. 


Revenue. Weekly Mails. 


Year. 


1826. 


.$8,162.00 . .23 


1838 


1828 . 


. 12,150.00 . .23 


1839 


1829 . 


. 16,251.00 . .32 


1840 


1833 . 


.26,118.00 . .60 





154 UNITED STATES OFFICES. 

Chillicothe, O. mail, via Hillsborough and Bainbridge, 
Arrives, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, .... at 6, P. M. 
Departs, Monday, Wednesday and Friday .... at 8, A. M. 
Closes, previous to day of departure at 8, P. M. 

West Union mail, via Milford and Batavia, O. 

Arrives, Sunday, Wednesday and Friday at 5, P. M. 

Departs, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday .... at 6, A. M. 
Closes, previous to day of departure at 8, P. M. 

Maysville, Ky. mail, via New Richmond and Ripley. 
Arrives, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday • . . • at 7, P. M. 
Departs, Monday, Wednesday and Friday .... by 6, A. M. 
Closes, previous to day of departure at 8, P. M. 

Cynthiana, Ky. mail, via Newport and Alexandria, Ky. 
Arrives, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday . . • . at 5, P. M. 
Departs, Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday . . . • by 6, A. M. 
Closes, previous to day of departure at 8, P. M. 

Stillwell, O. mail, via Mount Healthy, O. 

Arrives on Saturday at 4, P. M. 

Departs on Friday at 9, A. M. 

Montgomery mail, via Walnut Hills, 0. 

Arrives, Sunday, Wednesday and Friday at 6, P. M. 

Departs, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday .... at 6, A. M. 

Lawrenceburgh, la. mail, via Burlington, Ky. 
Arrives, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday .... at 9, P. M. 
Departs, Monday, Wednesday and Friday . • . at 10, A. M. 



EARLY 
ANNALS OF CINCINNATI. 



In preparing " Cincinnati in 1841 " for the press, I pro- 
posed to furnish an extended narrative of the incidents con- 
nected with the early settlement and progress, until 1835, of 
the place, — which I designed should serve as a principal sec- 
tion of this work. It became, however, apparent, that I must 
exclude either this whole subject, or every thing else which 
it was proposed should succeed it, the materials gathered for 
the purpose proving so valuable and ample as to forbid the 
idea of reducing the space allotted this department to a few 
pages. Reserving for future use, therefore, the great body of 
fact and incident relating to the early history of Cincinnati, 
and trusting that further researches will render my materials 
more authentic and complete, I shall substitute in this section 
of the publication. Early Annals of Cincinnati, compiled 
from the early newspaper press, then and always the most de- 
tailed, accurate, and interesting records of contemporary facts ; 
and transcribing all notices that are matters of interest, with 
such comments and explanations as may be necessary to shed 
light on the darkness of the past. 

My extracts commence with the "WESTERN SPY and 
HAMILTON GAZETTE," reaching as far back as the ori- 
gin of that press in 1799; Mr. Joseph Carpenter, the editor 
and pioprietor, commencing it as a weekly print, and issuing 
the first number on May 28th of that year. This was not, 
however, the first newspaper published in Cincinnati, Free- 
man's Journal and Maxwell's Gazette having successively 

155 



156 EARLY ANNALS. 

preceded it. I have not been able to obtain either of those 
prints thus far, although they are believed, at least in scatter- 
ed numbers, still to exist; but except as curiosities, they are 
probably of little value. They were both published very ir- 
regularly, and neither lasted for any length of time. The Spy 
itself, although published in what may be termed a more ad- 
vanced state of society, was occasionally intermitted in its 
publication, as the mails, then once a week at oftenest, failed 
in their arrivals, or a supply of printing paper run out, or the 
proprietors had a job of public printing on hand. How little 
had newspapers, in that day, approximated their present im- 
portance and interest, which renders thousands so dependent 
on them, as to feel the failure of the morning news a privation 
as great as the loss of their breakfast. 

May 17, 1799. " Post Office. Notice is hereby given 
that a post-office is established at CHELICOTHA. All per- 
sons therefore having business in that part of the country, may 
now have a speedy and safe conveyance by post for letters, 
packets, &c." 

This was of course carried on horse, there being no wheel 
route, nor any thing more than an Indian trace through the 
woods, at that time. 

Our respected fellow-citizen, Griffin Yeatman, figures among 
the active scenes of the early days of Cincinnati. His adver- 
tisement, same date, runs thus : " Observe this notice. I have 
experienced the many expenses attending my pwnp, and any 
FAMILY wishing to receive the benefits thereof for the future, 
may get the same by sending me twenty-five cents each Mon- 
day morning." 

Ye who growl at paying ten dollars a year for the use of 
wholesome, palatable river water, delivered into your hydrants 
at your doors, how would you relish it, like your predeces- 
sors, to pay thirteen dollars per annum for the nauseous well 
water, of which specimens may still be found in parts of the 
city, and constrained at that to carry it yourselves to your 
own house, frequently at a great distance ? 



.*t 



% 






EARLY ANNALS. 157 

The militia figured here, as every where else in new settle- 
ments. "Battalion Order, May 13, 1799. The lieutenant 
colonel again calls on the oflicers of every grade to exert 
themselves in exercising and teaching the men the necessary 
mancEuvres as laid down in Baron Steuben's instructions, &;c. 
And it is hoped that the delay of the battalion muster may 
produce a good effect ; that is, that the industrious farmers 
may have time to put in their summer crops, and the industri- 
ous officers, at their company parades, may improve their men 
in exercising them, so that they may be distinguished when 
the battalion is formed, which will be on the fourth of July 
next. BY ORDER, Daniel Symmes, lieutenant and adju- 
tant." 

Two excellent reasons, certainly, for postponement. A 

dot, however, might naturally arise in the minds of some, 
.y self among the number, whether much progress could be 
made by the farmers in military science while getting in their 
crops. Possibly they were taught, like the farmer's son in the 
"Poor Gentleman,''^ who sowed his three acres of wheat be- 
fore breakfast to the tune of Belleisle's march, to mark time 
in cutting their grain, and keep step with their horses in wag- 
oning it home. 

In due season, as appears by "a Spectator in the Spy, that 
the battalion paraded accordingly ; that two or three compa- 
nies on foot were in uniform, and a troop of horse, about thir- 
ty in number, mostly so also ; the whole being reviewed by 
his excellency William Henry Harrison, governor of the ter- 
ritory," pro tempore. 

Thomas Goudy, of Millcreek, at the close of a long adver- 
tisement, in which the capacities and facilities of his mill are 
fully set forth, adds, " as to the despatch of business, I need 
say no more, than that Mr. Jessup had 85 bushels corn ground 
on her in precisely eight minutes. I hope to gain a general 
custom, but she is absolutely idle for want of work at present." 

Who at that time could have contemplated the possibility, 
within forty years, of this same region between the Miamis, 
O 



158 EARLY AXNALS. 

after supplying a home consumption for citizens and farmers, 
sending off to New Orleans three hundred thousand barrels 
flour per annum. 

June 18.— "Natchez and New Orleans price current. It 
may be depended on. Markets very much glutted at Orleans 
and this place (Natchez.) Whiskey 50 to 60 cts. per gall. 
Iron 11 dollars per 100. Castings 8 to 9 dollars ditto. To- 
bacco, ready sale from 9 to 10 dollars per hundred. Flour 
from 5.50 cts. to 6 dollars per bbl. and very dull sale. Bacon 
8 to 10 cts. per lb. Cordage very dull sale — E. Craig just 
arrived with three boat loads v/ith it. Much complaint of the 
scarcity of cash.'' ^ 

Again, June 25th, among other prices at Natchez, whiskey 
is quoted at 5 to 6 bits — 625 to 75 cts. ; castings and iron same 
as last; untarred cordage 18 to 20 cts. per lb. ; nails 25 to 33| 
cts. per lb. ; cotton 20 to 21 dollars per hundred. 

Many of these articles do not vary much from modern 
prices. Iron and castings have been reduced one-half by our 
improved facilities of manufacture and transportation. These 
were articles which went down the river ; we shall presently 
see the astonishing disparity of prices— past and present — on 
what was carried up the Ohio. 

Cotton was then just becoming an item of produce — the 
most far-reaching mind, unable to have anticipated its future 
value to the country — and while it was so far short of an ade- 
quate supply to the wants of the people, was not, perhaps, 
higher in price than might be expected. Cordage was double 
its present rates. The price of nails — wrought nails, I pre- 
sume — serves to point out the value of cut nails, an article of 
such daily use and indispensable necessity, and which, even at 
their reduction to one-fourth the price quoted here, constitute 
a heavy share in building expences. 

The business of the city appears to have been done princi- 
pally on Main below Second — then Columbia street, so called 
from leading to the town of that name, — Front street facing 
the landing, and Sycamore, a short distance from Front street. 



EARLY ANNALS. 159 

Robert Park — the first hatter in the place — at the corner of 
Main and Second, the ground now occupied by Bates' drug- 
store, advertises hats for cash or country produce ; buys furs, 
and wants an apprentice on good terms, which, like others, 
he prefers to get from the country. 

We are all apt to speak of the weather, in comparison of 
other periods, as the hottest or the coldest we have ever 
known. What shall we say of the sufferings of the early 
settlers under what must have been an unprecedented degree 
of heat here, in June, and uncommon in that month every 
where. 

June 25th.—" We have, within these few days, experi- 
enced a greater degree of heat than was ever known in the 
country. On Thursday, the 20th, the mercury rose to 103 
in the shade, four degrees higher than was ever known before ; 
Friday, 21st, 100; Saturday, 22d, 96; Sunday, 23rd, 100; 
Monday, 24th, 101." 

Notices of marriages ran thus in the newspapers : — Mar- 
ried, on the January, Mr. Henry to the amia- 
ble Miss ; or the amiable and accomplished Miss . 

This was a form common also in Philadelphia, as I well re- 
collect, about the same period, superceded there as here in the 
progress of a purer taste. 

As an illustration of fashions, I notice at this period adver- 
tisements in the Spy of hair-powder, and fair-top boots. 

July 4th, 1799, the first recorded celebration in Cincinnati, 
of our national anniversary : — "The morning being ushered 
in by a federal salute from Fort Washington, and the 1st bat- 
talion Hamilton militia paraded at the muster ground, in the 
vicinity of this place, they went through the customary evolu- 
tions and firings. — As to their performance, we need only re- 
fer our readers to the governor's general orders. — After the 
battalion was dismissed, the governor, the federal officers from 
Fort Washington, the officers of militia, and a large number 
of respectable citizens, dined under a bower prepared for that 
purpose. Capt. Miller having furnished a piece of artillery, 



160 EARLY ANNALS. 

which, with captain Smith's company of militia, accompanied 
by martial music, made the woods resound to each of the fol- 
lowing toasts," &c. 

The toasts are in good spirit and taste, but are too long to 
insert here. 

*' In the evening, the gentlemen joined a brilliant assembly 
of ladies, at Mr. Yeatman's, in town ; it is impossible to de- 
scribe the ecstatic pleasure that appeared to be enjoyed by all 
present," &;c. 

Then follows the general order, referred to, of the governor, 
in which he highly compliments the battalion on the ease and 
exactness of their evolutions and firings; which, he adds, 
w^ould not discredit regular soldiers. Governor St. Clair — 
these general orders and other publications being testimo- 
ny — appears to have understood, with Cromwell before his 
day, and Napoleon since, both of whom he resembled in his 
exercise of authority, that the greatest degree of familiarity 
with the rank and file of the people, is not incompatible with 
the most arbitrary conduct towards those just below his own 
degree, in political and social influence. 

July 11. — " Thomas Gregg has opened a new tavern in the 
town of CHELICOTHA, at the sign of the Green Tree. 
Travellers and others supplyed with every thing necessary for 
their accommodation — and supplyed for their joitrney through 
the wilderness.'''' 

The wilderness, I suppose, comprehended the whole coun- 
try north and west of that place — north to the lakes, and west 
to the Mississipi. 

July 16.—-" Advertisement for an apprentice. There is a 
vacancy at present in the SPY office, for an apprentice to 
learn the printing business. Any person wishing to learn his 
son a business which has been the most beneficial to mankind 
since its discovery, would do well to embrace the present op- 
portunity. A Lad from fourteen to fifteen would meet with 
generous terms. One from the country would be preferred." 

July 23. — A runaway apprentice. Robert M'Gennis ad- 



EARLY ANNALS. 161 

vertises his boy, Philip Drum. A reward of sixpence worth 
of cucumbers would be given in next December, — when they 
should have groAvn, I suppose. 

Here is a specimen of the privations and sufferings of the 
early settlers. 

*' Captain E. Kibby, who sometime since undertook to cut a 
road from Port Vincennes to this place, returned on Monday 
reduced to a perfect skeleton — he had cut the road 70 miles, 
when by some means he was separated from his men ; after 
hunting several days for them without success, he steered his 
course this way. He has undergone great hardships, and was 
obliged to subsist on roots, &c., which he picked up in the 
woods. Thus far report." 

Same date. — Ephraim Morrison, having charged Benjamin 
Walker with killing or making use of public cattle, and being 
unable to prove the fact, or satisfied he had no reason to say 
so, gives what is termed in early times a libel, properly a lie- 
hill, or certificate of having slandered him, in these terms : 

" Finding that the Impeachment I have laid in against Benja- 
min Walker cannot be substantiated with sufhcient proof, I do 
for the future clear and acquit him therefrom ; and likewise in 
the case of Slander, I do consider him clear of either murder 
or felony in any sense or meaning whatever. Nov. 28, 1798. 

Ephraim Morrison." 

Dunning advertisements appear in all varieties, and in the 
usual forms, in new countries. Some are printed upsidedown 
to attract notice ; some coax, and others threaten. Some ap- 
peal to a sense of lionor or conscience, others to the terrors 
of the law. Others again regret that the English language has 
not terms forcible enough to express the urgencies of their case. 

July 30. — Obituary of Rev. Peter Wilson — the first cler- 
gyman who had settled here — in the second year of his min- 
istry. 

We have next, — "A Recipe to make beer from the shells 
of green peas. Pour six gallons of water on ^ bushel of pea- 
shells, and boil the whole until the shells are insipid to the 

o2 



163 EARLY ANNALS. 

taste. Pour off the water, which will be very sweet, into a 
clean tub or keg, and add a pint yeast and two ounces ground 
ginger. Fermentation will soon take place and the beer be fit 
for use. 

" Beer obtained in this manner is very clear, has a fine am- 
ber color, is pungent to the taste and bears a fine bead when 
poured into a tumbler: is superior to molasses beer and hot 
inferior to mead. 

*' One bushel of the shells will make several dozen bottles 
of beer. The beer should be put in strong bottles and the 
corks secured by wire. If the cellar is not cool the bottles 
will burst with an explosion, as the author of this communi- 
cation has experienced. 

" The beer distilled yields a spirit of the taste and color of 
whiskey." 

Duns. Aug. 6. — William Austin's jxttience being almost 
exhausted, calls the attention of those indebted to him' &c. 

" OBSERVE. The undersigned having a particular call 
to go to the Atlantic States, requests his customers, to pay off, 
&c. In so doing they will not only be considered honest 
men, but particular friends of their very humble servant, 

Avg. 19, 1799. C. Avery." 

It seems by a note, that many of these accounts were of 
Jive years'* standing. Long credits are the besetting sins of an 
early state of society, which its progress always finds matter 
both of necessity and interest to correct. 

On the 22d of the next month, Mr. Avery again makes his 
compliments to the reader and his debtors, in the following 
terms: — 

" Ml) generous friends, — it may seem like an absurdity to 
give you another call, to assist me to perform my journey to 
the Atlantic States. One moment's reflection to men of sense, 
as I know you all are, will be sufficient to shew you that it is 
out of my power to bring out my family to this place ivithout 
a considerable sum of money, &c. 

" Gentlemen, you are to say whether I shall go to the At- 



EARLY ANNALS. 163 

lantic States or not. I flatter myself that there is not one man 
among you hut what \\\\\ exert every nerve to accomplish my 
wishes this time. Your distressed friend and very humble 
servant." 

Here is a dun from some meeker and more subdued spirit : 
"The subscriber requests all persons indebted to him, to call 
and settle immediately, as he intends to start for the Adantic 
States in two weeks. Thomas Frazer. Sept. 13, 1799." 

Levi M'Lean, who figures at different periods as jailer, 
pound-keeper, butcher and constable — four pretty hard-hearted 
trades — and teacher of vocal music — a softer one — makes his 
debut at this period, in a call on his debtors whom, by way 
of contrast to the title given by Mr. Avery, he calls "my un- 
generous friends." 

But the most pathetic dun is the following. 

" Those indebted to Dr. Homes are desired to remit him 
the sums due — he being confined to jail deprives him of the 
pleasure of calling personally on his friends — they will there- 
fore particularly oblige their unfortunate friend, by complying 
with this request without loss of time. Hamilton county pri- 
son, Oct. 29, 1799." 

"Look sharp! last notice. Thomas Thompson. Jan. 
15, 1800." 

Thomas Frazer, whose courteous notice has been already 
referred to, complains, February 12, "that litde attention has 
been paid his former notice, and requests all persons indebted 
to him to come forward before the 10th of March next, as he 
is going to Pennsylvania." 

Feb. 19. — "No mail this week." It seems that the good 
people of Cincinnati, had received but one mail for the last 
four weeks. As they had but one newspaper, and that of 
weekly issue, such frequent failures were of much more im- 
portance than our present mail delinquencies, which leave us 
sometimes three successive days without a mail beyond 
Wheeling. The disappointments in those days, appear not 
to have excited as much growling as in ours. 



164 EARLY ANNALS. 

Feb. 19. — Michael Brokaw calls on his debtors for imme- 
diate payment or else ! ! ! 

March 4. — The Rev. James Kemper advertises "his farm 
of 154 acres at seven dollars per acre." Mr. K. resided on 
the premises for more than thirty-five years afterwards, and 
lived to see this ground worth five hundred dollars per acre. 

March 12. — The president appoints Charles W. Byrd sec- 
retary of the territory of the United States, north-west of the 
Ohio. 

Aug. 27. — We have under this date, a speech delivered by 
sundry Indian chiefs to major Simeon Kinton — Simon Ken- 
ton, doubtless — and published by him to allay apprehensions 
of Indian troubles in this region. 

William and M. Jones advertise : — "That they still carry 
on the Baking business, and as Jlower is getting cheap, they 
have enlarged their loaf to four pounds, which is sold at one 
eighth of a dollar per loaf, or flour pound for pound, payable 
every three months." O rare and conscientious dealers ! a 
pound of bread for a pound of flour, and at three months' cre- 
dit, too. What would our friends of the hot oven think of 
this arrangement now-a-days? What say you, friend Jacob 
Wolf, would it not be equitable to the public and suflSciently 
profitable to the baker? As flour is now a cash article, the 
credit on the bread, however, should be dispensed with. I 
knew a worthy German in Philadelphia, who had made a for- 
tune by baking for l^ie continental service ; he delivered to the 
commissary bread for flour, pound for pound, saying that no 
honest man ought to ask more. 

Sept. 3.-— Details are given of the atrocities of Micajah 
Harpe and Wiley Harpe, who about this period were the ter- 
ror of the wilder regions of Kentucky and Tennessee. AVith 
the names and career of these land pirates, the public have 
been rendered familiar by Judge Hall, in his interesting legend 
of the Harpe's Head. 

Sep. 10. — ^^ Notice to smiths, A blacksmith is very much 
wanted at Dayton, there being none within 20 miles of the 



EARLY ANNALS. 165 

place, which subjects the inhabitants to great inconvenience. 
A smith might settle himself to good advantage here," &c. 

We have here a specimen of the beginnings of the coffee- 
house system, as places of refreshment. " Francis Menes- 
sier begs leave to inform the public that he has opened a cof- 
fee-house at Cincin^jati, at the foot of the hill on Main street, 
where he proposes to retail different kinds of liquors, and all 
kinds of pastry, &c. He will punctually attend the coffee- 
house, which will be open from 2 o'clock until 9 P. M. His 
sign is Pegasus the had poet, fallen to the ground. Also 
teaches the French language. School to begin on Monday 
the 23d inst., at his house : teaching every evening, Saturdays 
and Sundays excepted," &c. 

It is to be hoped his knowledge of the French language was 
more profound than it appears to have been in mythology, 
where he is guilty, if not of hypallage, in putting the cart be- 
fore the horse, at least of mistaking the horse for his rider. 

The property "at the foot of the hill," is the lot at the 
south-west corner of Main and Third streets, on which now 
stands the banking house of the Life Insurance and Trust 
Company. This piece of ground, squaring one hundred feet 
on Main, by two hundred on Third street, was bought by 
Menessier for an old saddle, worth probably fifteen dollars, a 
short time previous to this advertisement. About the same 
time, Mr. Hezekiah Flint paid one hundred and fifty dollars 
for the lot of similar dimensions, on which he now resides on 
Walnut below Fourth street. If it be wondered why the 
Main street property, worth ten times as much as that on 
Walnut street, should command no more than one tenth the 
price of the last, thus reducing the Menessier property to one 
hundredth part of its proportionate value, the only reason that 
can be given is, that the Main street property was overhung 
by the abrupt front of the hill, which injured present improve- 
ment in that region of the city, and induced the population to 
spread over the second table, even at a greater distance from 
the public landing and business streets of the city. The citi- 



166 EARLY ANNALS. 

zens of that day do not appear ever to have contemplated 
such growth and improvements of the city as to render such 
a piece of property of much value. 

John Kidd commences the baking business in its various 
branches, in the house, corner of Front and Main streets — 
now occupied by Holland and Compton as a grocery store. 

The legislature of the north-western territory, October 3d, 
1799, appointed " Wm. Henry Harrison, Esq. to represent 
the territory in the congress of the United States." 

October 7th. — We have here some insight into Cincinnati 
prices of that day : Imperial or Gunpowder Tea, $3 per lb. ; 
Hyson, $2 25 ; Hyson-skin, $1 50 ; Bohea — a meaner article 
than the clover tea, which, under the name of Pouchong, &c. 
is now the fashionable article of modern times — at $1 per lb. ; 
loaf sugar, 44 cents ; pepper, 75 cts. ; allspice, 50 cts. Dear 
tea-drinking and sweetening in those days. 

Thomas Goudy comes out in the dunning line without pe- 
riphrasis, and much to the point. " All common-place ideas 
of circumstances is unnecessary — the subscriber wants his 
money — most of it has been due from one to seven years, and 
all notes or debts not paid by the 15th instant will be put in 
suit," &c. 

Seven years ! No wonder he was out of patience. 

October 17th. — Wm. M'Farland commences a manufactory 
of earthenware, probably the first factory of any kind in the 
place ; certainly the first of that description of goods. 

Schools appear to have been of early establishment. James 
White advertises a day and night school. Evening school $2 
per quarter, the scholars finding firewood and candles. Writ- 
ing, arithmetic, <fec. taught. — Oct. 21st, 1799. 

Menessier's coffee-house takes fire ; and Mr. M. returns a 
card of thanks, in which he recognizes " the fact that none but 
republicans and Americans could have done so much to save 
his property: and, to testify his gratitude, stands ready, at any 
future period, to sacrifice his time, his fortune, and his life, in 
the cause of humanity," &c. — Nov. 18, 1799. 



EARLY ANNALS. 167 

In the progress of improvement, we now arrive at R 
Haiighton, who makes his bow to the public as a professor of 
dancing, " teaches the cotillion, French and English sets, in 
all the various and ornamental branches. Also, the most 
fashionable Scotch reels, and the favorite city cotillions. Com- 
mences in the morning, at 10 o'clock. Gsntlemen whose oc- 
cupations will not allow them to attend in the day, taught in 
the evening, from 7 to 9 o'clock." 

Dec. 17. — Great complaints made at this date, as since, of 
incendiaries being about and at work, firing the town in vari- 
ous places. 

The new year's paper opens in mourning and announces 
the death of General Washington. 
"Mourn, Columbia mourn! 
Your father, your protector's gone ! " 

Under same date, the territorial legislature addresses presi- 
dent Adams. In that document is the following significant 
passage: " To your firmness we attribute the enjoyment of 
the rich country we now inhabit." 

This refers to a piece of secret history connected with the 
treaty of Paris, in 1782, which is even yet not as extensively 
known as it should be. 

Mr. Oswald, the commissioner appointed on the part of 
Great Britain to negociate a treaty of peace, proposed, as the 
basis of limits, to make the Ohio the northern boundary of 
the United States. Under the representations of the Count 
de Vergennes, the French minister, by whose judgment the 
American commissioners, in their instructions, were to be 
guided. Dr. Franklin acceded to the suggestion. John Adams, 
however, seconded by Mr. Jay, resisted the proposition, prin- 
cipally on the ground, that the territory north of the river had 
been conquered by general Clark, in 1778, and was at the 
time in the occupation of the United States. This, at the 
time, broke up the conference. Dr. Franklin suggested whe- 
ther it would not be better to yield that point than fail in 
making a treaty, so desirable in other respects for America. 



168 EARLY ANNALS. 

Mr Adams, who found himself supported by Mr. Jay, was 
inflexible. Oswald ascertained, through a third person sent 
by him for the purpose of sounding Mr. Adams, that Mr. A. 
had declared his determination to write home, urging on his 
government to carry on the war so long as they could main- 
tain a single soldier in the field, in preference to accepting 
such a boundary ; and, being under peremptory orders to con- 
clude a treaty at all hazards, and on the best terms possible, 
Oswald then proposed the line as it now stands. 
|j While full credit is due these statesmen for their patriotism 
and firmness, it is certain that neither Mr. Adams, nor any 
other statesman of that day, could have formed any adequate 
idea of the future importance to the United States of the me- 
morable stand thus taken, or of the incalculable injury Avhich 
would have resulted, from acceding to the originally proposed 
limits. 

January 15. — No mail this week. This fact is given with- 
out note or comment. What would be said in these days to 
be a whole week without news ? 

The territorial laws published, and by subscription, being 
the first volume ever published in this place. 

January 28. — No mail this week. 

Februarys. — Aaron Cherry's advertisement: "Whereas, 
a certain woman who calls herself Mary, and has for a long 
time passed as my wife, but who is not, as we never were 
lawfully married, has eloped from my bed and taken with her 
my property to a considerable amount ; I hereby forewarn all 
persons not to trust her on my account, as I will pay no debts 
of her contracting." He was determined, I suppose, that she 
should not make tivo bites of a. cherry. 

February 1. — A funeral procession in Cincinnati in memory 
of general Washington. The troops from the garrison at Fort 
Washington, under captain Miller, — the town military, in- 
cluding a troop of dragoons under command of captain Find- 
lay, — the civil authorities, — and the Masonic Order, — with 
the community at large, — ^united in the pageant. 



EARLY ANNALS. 169 

Governor St. Clair delivered an interesting address on the 
occasion. 

Feb. 12. — " A good schoolmaster wanted on the Great 
Miami. One with a family will be preferred." 

March 12. — " We have the pleasure of informing our read- 
ers that a post route is now established between Louisville, at 
the falls of the Ohio, and Kaskaskia, to ride once every four 
weeks. There is also one established between Nashville 
and Natchez. This will open an easy channel of communi- 
cation with those remote places, which has heretofore been 
extremely difficult, particularly from the Atlantic states." 

Here follow complaints of husbands against wives, in va- 
rious forms; and notices not to trust the wife on the hus- 
band's account. 

Injustice! — "Whereas, my wife Margaret has left my bed 
and board, &c. Danl. Goble." 

John Bentley, sergeant 1st regiment U. S. advertises his 
wife Mary as having not only left his bed and board, without 
just cause, but also taken up with a fellow named Sylvanus 
Reynolds, &c. 

March 19th. — "Advertising favors must be accompanied 
with the cash." 

An academy commences at Newport, Kentucky, opposite 
Cincinnati, where, besides the ordinary branches of education, 
were taught the dead languages, geometry, plain surveying, 
navigation, astronomy, mensuration, logic, rhetoric, book-keep- 
ing, (fee. — the elementary studies at eight dollars per annum,, 
the higher branches at one pound — 267 cents — per quarter. 

March 25. — A dun. " Take a friend's advice. M. Bro- 
kaw having repeatedly solicited those indebted to me to settle 
up their accounts, and little or no attention being paid to the 
same. Now know all persons whom it may concern, that un- 
less due attention is paid to the notice, the next will be Ham-» 
ilton ss." 

April 9. — " Owing to the pressing necessity for publishing 
the laws of the territory, there will no paper be published for 



170 EARLY ANNALS. 

three weeks, &c.'* This is rather a better excuse than that 
of the Arkansas editor, who stated that he should attend a 
great squirrel hunt, and therefore no paper would be issued 
that week ; or of the Alabama editor, who apologised for the 
non-appearance of his paper, on account of a sudden attack of 
a severe toothache. N. B. The three weeks stretched from 
the 9th April to the 28th May, a period of fifty days. 

"Notice. — Refrain from Gambling! the vice and immor- 
ality bill goes in force on the first of May next." 

"April 26th. — The year 1800 has arrived, and all persons 
are notified not to deal with or credit my wife Susannah, as I 
will pay no debts of her contracting. Andrew Westfall." 

To such as may not perceive the connection between the 
new century, and Westfall's paying no more debts on account 
of his wife Susannah, it may be suggested, that he thought 
proper, probably, with the new year, and especially with the 
new century, to turn over a new leaf in the chapter of accounts. 

June 18. — ^^Advertisement, The following articles may 
be had at the landing jilace in Cincinnati, at the most reduced 
prices, at Mr. Mahoney's boat: Imperial, young hyson, hy- 
son skin and bohea tea ; coflfee, loaf-sugar, gun-flints, bran- 
dy, &c." 

25th. — "Nehemiah Hunt gives notice that he shall sell 
fresh beef at his old shop, on Sycamore street, to those that 
will favor him with their custom, almost every morning." 

The Spy, about this period, publishes from time to time, in 
the order of occurrence, various testimonies to the merit and 
honors to the memory of general Washington, oflfered in 
France, England, Holland, &c. In that print of the 28th, is 
the memorial by the society Felix Meritis, one of the most 
distinguished and venerable in Europe, which is very inter- 
esting, but too long to transcribe here. 

Modern prophecies. — "A child of .Tames Walker, born 
blind and only five years old, is visited by crowds of people 
for his great sagacity and foresight. He foretold the yellow 
fever in New York and Philadelphia last season, and also the 



EARLY ANNALS. 171 

present scarcity of bread in Europe. He says that before the 
year 1808, the jacobins are to swarm into our country, to over- 
throw the present government and to put to death the clergy 
and the religious of both sexes ; that having effected this revo- 
lution they will then fall out for the supremacy, and finally 
destroy each other with the sword ; after which the present 
government will be restored and the country flourish for one 
hundred years." 

While we are in the wonders I will extract " a letter from 
a very respectable gentleman at Philadelphia," dated June 
6th, 1800. 

" We are at present afflicted with a calamity, which, in 
many respects, is more grievous than the yellow fever. 
Clouds of locusts infest our unfortunate city in such multi- 
tudes as to intercept the light of heaven. The darkness occa- 
sioned by these pests, has been so great for the last two days, 
as to render the aid of candles indispensable to the transaction 
of business, and to-day the \vatchmen are lighting their lamps. 
Nor does the evil end here ; the incessant croaking which is 
kept up by these animals exceeds thunder ; a human voice at 
one yard's distance cannot be heard, and on many occasions 
we have to communicate with each other by signs. If this 
intolerable noise continues, divine service will be suspended 
next Sunday, and I know not when the consequences will ter- 
minate. Two ladies of my acquaintance have lost their hear- 
ing by it, and the citizens are flying from the town in multi- 
tudes. Yours, &:c." 

It is difficult to believe the writer of this letter to have been 
sincere in all respects ; yet, I well recollect, for I resided in 
Philadelphia at the time, the alarm and surprise among the ig- 
norant, which attended the visit of these locusts ; and the let- 
ter, although highly colored in most parts, hardly exaggerates 
in some of its details. There are features in the letter, how- 
ever, which must place the writer in the class of which Fer- 
dinand Mendez Pinto was the type, "a liar of the first mag- 
nitude.''^ 



178 EARLY ANNALS. 

July 9. — "AVilliam Ludlow advertises a farm of between 
thirty and forty acres, in Springfield township, Hamilton coun- 
ty ; in part pay for which he will take a breeding mare, &;c." 

Much of the early supply of manufactures for city con- 
sumption was made in the country. Lyon & Maginnes ad- 
vertise at their shop, eleven miles out on the Hamilton road, 
desks, escritoirs, dining-tables, plain and veneered, &c. 

A correspondent who deals in statistics of fashion, remarks 
in the close of his article : " It has been ascertained, that with- 
in the last year throughout the United States, from the pres- 
ent fashion of muslin undresses, as many as eighteen ladies 
have caught fire, and eighteen thousand have caught cold; 
both classes of accidents terminating in death." 

*' Beef ! Beef ! David J. Poor informs the inhabitants of 
this place, that he still carries on the butchering business, &c. 
He expects his customers to settle up with him every Satur- 
day, to enable him to furnish beef of the first quality, for 
money is the trade that will fetch it. He has also candles 
for sale." 

" ' Tis strange, ' tis passing strange, ' tis WONDERFUL. 
Was taken up FLOATING on the Ohio on Saturday last, a 
blacksmith's anvil. The owner, by proving its brands and 
earmarks and paying the charges, may have it again. 

July 16, 1800. Thomas Williams." 

" Heads up, Soldiers. Those gentlemen who wish to 
join a volunteer light infantry company, are requested to meet 
at Mr. Yeatman's tavern, &;c." 

This was the first organization of a military company in 
Cincinnati ; it was commanded by James Smith, sheriflf of the 
county at the time. 

Another dun. *'MIND YOUR EYE.— All persons in- 
debted, &c." 

An election for seven persons to represent Hamilton county 
in the general assembly of the territory. Of the seven chosen, 
the only survivor is Jeremiah Morrow, since governor of Ohio, 
and now member of congress from the Lebanon district. 



EARLY ANNALS. 173 

Military notice — sunshine soldiers. "In consequence of 
the rain, the muster, &c., of the Cincinnati light infantry is 
postponed." 

A card from the garrison — no more riding. "A TRUE 
BILL. — The quarter-master U. S. has been much pestered in 
the accommodation of the citizens of this place ; let them ap- 
ply in future and they shall want. October 29th." 

Richard Haughton, dancing master, re-opens his school in 
the house of captain Vance ; acknowledges past favors during 
last visit, &c. 

A sub-treasurer of olden times. " Be cautious. — Our late 
post-rider has taken a number of due bills, &c. in our names, 
which he has disposed of; all persons are forewarned from 
paying any money to the assigns, &c. 

Carpenter &; Findlay." 

Obituary. — " Pied on Saturday the 25th October, at his 
father's on Beaver creek, Mad river settlement, Mr. Edmund 
Freeman, printer, formerly of this place." Mr. F. was the 
earliest printer in Cincinnati. 

Wm. M'Millan of Cincinnati, chosen by the territorial leg- 
islature delegate to congress, for the residue of the term of 
William H. Harrison, and Paul Fearing for the term of two 
years next succeeding. 

Nov. 19. — Town of Williamsburg, in Clermont county, 
and its first seat of justice, laid out. 

Andrew Dunseth, the first gun-smith here, opens his shop 
at captain Vance's, on Market street. 

Wm. Henry Harrison appointed governor of the territory 
of Indiana. 

The territorial legislature, sitting at Chillicothe, addresses 
governor St. Clair, whose reply is also published. Of the 
names which appear to these documents, I notice but one sur- 
vivor, John Reily, Esq. of Hamilton, who still remains in 
the full vigor of intellect, and, at a green old age, a resident of 
Hamilton, Butler county, Ohio. He was clerk to the first 
legislature of Ohio. 

p2 



174 EARLY ANNALS. 

" To Country Subscribers. — The printers want some tur- 
nips and potatoes, for which a reasonable price will be al- 
lowed." 

"John C. Winans, lately arrived from Elizabethtown, New 
Jersey, with a general assortment of medicines, offers his ser- 
vices, &c. He may be found at the Rev. Mr. Kemper's, Tur- 
tle Creek,'' &c. 

A Dun, of James Conn. — " For those who have ears to 
hear. Whereas, we did give the Spy notice," &c. 

Dec. 27. — Act of the territorial legislature designating the 
place of holding the general assembly in rotation, at Marietta, 
Cincinnati, and Chillicothe ; the offices of the treasurer, au- 
ditor of accounts, &c. to be kept at the town of Cincinnati. 
Lost on final reading. Ayes — 8 ; nays — 10. 

" Those gentlemen and ladies who feel disposed to patron- 
ize a SINGING SCHOOL, will please to convene at the 
Court house, to-morrow evening, at candle light. As it is 
proposed to have singing, they will please bring their books 
with them." What precious music must have been made, 
with the various collections that were then in existence, com- 
posed, as they doubtless were, of the varieties of ^^Musical 
Harmonies," that may be found in all new countries, and no 
half dozen alike. 

Notice of meetings for Nova Csesarea Lodge, No. 10, 
William Stanley, Secretary. This lodge is still in existence. 

" A detachment of near 600 federal troops, under the com- 
mand of lieutenant colonel David Strong, passed by this 
place, on Thursday morning last, and put in above the mouth 
of Mill creek. On Monday, they proceeded for their des- 
tination, between Massac and the mouth of the Ohio." 

Such a notice seems to mark distinctly the progress of our 
improvements, which embrace the whole front on the river to 
Mill creek, not merely as within the limits, but forming the 
built-up extent of the city. 

Dec. 19. — Uriah Gates advertises his wife Rebecca. 

Dec. 24. — Governor St. Clair in controversy with Judges 



EARLY ANNALS. 175 

R. J. Meigs and Joseph Gilman, on the extent of his powers 
and authority; also, with the territorial legislature, on the 
same subject. 

Dec. 21. — ^It appears, by an advertisement for a deserter 
from Fort Washington, that lieutenant Peter Shiras comman- 
ded the garrison there at that time. 

Governor St. Clair, in the exercise of that authority which 
seems to have known no limits in its exercise but his own 
pleasure, and found nothing too high for its grasp or too mi- 
nute to escape its notice, erects the county of Clermont, and 
fixes the courts of justice at Williamsburg, on the east fork 
of the Little Miami ; and the county of Fairfield, of which 
he constitutes Lancaster, upon the Hockhocking, the seat of 
justice. 

Sir John Sinclair, well known as one of general Wash- 
ington's correspondents in England on agricultural subjects, 
writes to general St. Clair, the letter making its appearance 
in the Spy, January 14th, 1801, in which he proposes to pub- 
lish fac simile copies of Washington's letters, for the purpose 
of erecting a monument to his memory from the proceeds. 
Solicits general St. Clair's co-operation in the enterprise, and 
transmits some specimens, <fcc. 

Captain Vance at the recruiting rendezvous. Fort Washing- 
ton, advertises for soldiers : " an abundant supply of whiskey, 
FOOD and clothing of the best qiialifi/'— Twelve dollars 
BOUNTY, and Ten dollars per month, with comfortable quar- 
ters and a life of ease," are among the temptations he of- 
fers. 

Dun. — " The second part of an old Farce. Notwith- 
standing the frequent notices I have given through the medi- 
um of the Spy, for those indebted to me," &c. 

" Notice — That we have just arrived from the state of Ken- 
tucky, and commenced making Earthen ware, at the house of 
Wm. M'Farland, where people may be supplied with WARE 
of the best quality, and on the easiest terms," Slc. 

*^Feb. 4th. James and Robert Caldwell." 



176 EARLY ANNALS. 

More Swartwouting. Feb 11. — " Nothing wonderful ! Mr. 
Adams, our post-rider, has ran away and left us destitute of 
one. We hope to supply his place," &c. 

Satisfactory explanation and gentlemanly acknowledgment : 
" To all whom it may concern. Be it remembered that I, 
Richard Downes, having reported that John Smith, of Colum- 
bia, did, in the course of last summer, pass a number of bank 
notes, with an intention of deception, and fraud. These are 
to certify, that as I never heard any thing alleged to the dis- 
advantage of Mr. Smith's character, by others, in the above 
affair, and as I never knew any thing myself of it, or discov- 
ered any thing in the conduct of Mr. Smith to justify the ca- 
lumny — that slanderous report is unfounded and unjust, and 
which I foolishly published at the instance of one of Mr. 
Smith's inveterate enemies, as I am willing to declare on oath 
whenever 1 am called on. Witness my hand, this first day 
of February, 1801." John Smith appears every where and 
all times a perfect scape-goat, as respects character. 

Feb. 18. — " Prices current at Natchez, December 13. Cot- 
ton, 22 to 24 dollars per 100. Tobacco, 3 to 4 dolls, ditto. 
Castings, 10 cts. lb. Bar iron, 10 to 12|. Bacon, 10 to 11. 
Pork, per bbl. 12 to 14 dolls. Flour, 12 dolls. Whiskey, 
per gall. 62 cts. Lime, per bushel, 50 cts. Unshelled corn, 
50 cts per bushel." Intelligence from Natchez in seventy 
days, appears, as considered the latest advices. The subject 
of building large vessels to take the produce of the country to 
New Orleans, much agitated here at this time. 

At last the community begins to complain of mail failures. 

" There has been repeated failures of the mail of late, by 
which every source of information was dried up. It is thought 
this neglect is owing to some of the riders between Pittsburg 
and Muskingum. Wherever it is, it is unsufferable and ought 
to be looked into." 

Many years ago, I kept the post-office at a village in Penn- 
sylvania on one of the great routes. A cross-route connected 
several other country places with the main thoroughfare, 



EARLY ANNALS. 177 

which it intersected at my office. I observed that the mail- 
rider, a chap of perhaps fourteen, was very irregular in his 
hours of getting in from the upper route, varying as much as 
six hours in a route of sixty-six miles. One morning I asked 
him : " What brings you in so early from Newcastle ?" — 
Newcastle was considerably off the direct course, in the line 
of the cross-route. — " I yankeed them," was his reply, with 
a knowing grin. "What do you mean?" said I, sharply. 
" Why, I skipped them, sir. It takes too long to call there 
every time, and / ginerally yankees them once a month, and 
they stand that like lambs l"*^ 

So long as our ancestors were not yankeed more than once 
a month, they appear, also, to have stood it like lambs ; and it 
seems, that it was only after being without mails for succes- 
sive weeks, they could be provoked into complaint. 

The following appears to be, in 1801, the list of townships 
in the county of Hamilton: Columbia, Cincinnati, South- 
bend, Miami, Anderson, Colerain, Fairfield, Springfield, 
Bayton, Franklin, Ohio, Deerfield and St. Clair. South- 
bend was probably the present Delhi and Storrs. I have no 
means of identifying the others — some of them have probably 
been set off into new counties. 

General St. Clair reappointed by president Adams, gover- 
nor of the north-western territory. 

" Advertisement. Much wanted by the subscriber. Good 
cows, proof whiskey, well cured bacon, and wheat, &c. No 
time is to be lost. March 4, 1801. 

" John Cleves Symmes." 

We have now the subject of steam-boats on the western 
waters, first brought before the community here. 

"PUBLIC UTILITY. A COMPANY of persons hav- 
ing, at considerable expense of time and trouble, recently in- 
vented a machine capable of propelling a boat against stream 
with considerable velocity, by the power of steam or elastic 
vapor, and entertaining the opinion, that if reduced to prac- 
tice, great advantages must flow from it to the country, as it 



178 EARLY ANNALS. 

will afford a regular and easy conveyance, for property down 
the various navigable rivers, and a safe and speedy return, ei- 
ther in specie, or the produce of the country below ; take the 
liberty of soliciting the aid of the public, the better to enable 
them to carry into effect an invention which promises to be 
of so general utility. 

" Nor is the invention confined to boats alone ; it is equally 
applicable to mills, and other mechanical works. It is the 
wish of many of the respectable inhabitants of the county, 
that those persons who feel a disposition to patronize the 
above undertaking, will please to meet on Friday evening, the 
26th inst., at Mr. Yeatman's in this place, at 6 o'clock, P. M. 
They will then have an opportunity to judge of the propriety 
of the undertaking, and to offer to it that aid which it may be 
found to merit." 

This is a very remarkable document, and serves to shew, 
that ten or twelve years before Fulton directed his views to 
the navigation of the Ohio and Mississipi by steam-boats, the 
whole project was already a familiar one to the citizens of 
Cincinnati, and if not carried into effect, was no doubt owing 
to the want of capital, a want which, in every stage of our 
improvement, has been felt, and to which alone it is owing, 
among other things, that this place has not been — years since 
—the largest manufacturing point in the United States. 

Contract advertised for anew court-house, of brick or stone. 
The old one was of logs, on the west side of Main, near 
Fifth, receding about twenty feet from the line of Main street. 

" NOTICE. As the subscriber intends leaving this place 
for Natchez very soon, he requests all those who have had 
deeds recorded in his office, to call on Mr. Yeatman, and pay 
the recorder's fees. Mr. Yeatman will transact the business 
of the recorder's office in future. O. M. Spencer." 

What a prophetic spirit was displayed in this notice. For- 
ty years have since passed away and Griffin Yeatman is still 
at his post, and may yet for years " in futtire, transact the bu- 
siness of the recorder's office. Of those who have held office. 



EARLY ANNALS. 179 

few men have discharged its obligations and duties with as 
much fidelity and ability. 

Lettei*s from William M'Millan, delegate in congress from 
the north-west territory, to his constituents. There can be 
no doubt that Mr. M'Millan was the master-spirit of the place, 
at that day, and a man who would have been a distinguished 
member of society any where. It is impossible to contem- 
plate his career and character, without being deeply impres- 
sed with his great superiority over every one around him, 
even of the influential men of the day, and there were men 
of as high character and abilities in Cincinnati, in those days, 
as at present. He was lost to the community at the age of 
forty-four — just in the meridian of his course — and left vacant 
an orbit of usefulness and influence here in the community, 
in which no one since has been found worthy to move. 

The republicans met on the 20th March, at Mr. Menessier's 
hotel, to celebrate the election to the presidency of Mr. Jef- 
ferson. " Citizen John Cleves Symmes" in the chair. Of 
the proceedings, I have only room for a brief extract. 

5th toast. " The late Mr. Washington. May his memory 
and time prove co-eval. (The company wept and wiped their 
eyes.) Air, dead march.^^ 

Among other goods advertised, I notice muslinets, japaned 
muslins, princes' rib, lappets, thicksets, corduroy, paper hats, 
durants, moreens, calimancos, chittabully baftas, humhums, 
pullicats, seersuckers, madrapores, and other curiosities. 

Steam-boat navigation once more. 

*'T0 THE PUBLIC. We, the subscribers, Samuel 
Heighway and John Pool, at the request of a number of gen- 
tlemen, who have expressed a wish for the bringing into ef- 
fect a mechanical project, constructed for the propelling of 
boats against the stream of rivers, tides and currents, hy the 
power of STEAM, or ELASTIC VAPOR, of which we are 
proprietors, propose bringing it into immediate use, by the aid 
of voluntary subscriptions, from those public spirited persons 
who may feel disposed to patronize so important a discovery. 



180 EARLY ANNALS. 

From every probable calculation, the commodities of trade 
may be conveyed to and from any place of inland situation, 
at one third of the expense which the same service can possi- 
bly be done for, by the tedious method at present pursued. 
The excellency of the construction is such, that it will very 
little incommode the stowage of the vessel, as it will not oc- 
cupy more than one tenth part thereof, and may be purchased 
by traders in general, at the moderate sum of about seven 
hundred dollars. It is equally applicable to mills in dry sea- 
sons, when the water is insufficient, by supplying it. Antici- 
pating the many advantages which the western country will 
derive from the discovery, if reduced to practice, it is particu- 
larly recommended by several gentlemen, as above, to the at- 
tention of the public, to give it that sanction and support which 
they think it merits. 

*' We are willing to bring the invention into complete effect, 
at our own expense and risque, provided it meets with due 
encouragement. 

"— — — -, is appointed a trustee, in whose hands the sub- 
scription papers for will be lodged, to become paya- 
ble only on our invention succeeding, and the boat actually 
performing a voyage from New Orleans to Cincinnati— on 
failure, the subscriptions to be void. 

Samuel Heighway. 

John Pool." 

April 15. — " No mail again for two weeks, &c."; great dis- 
satisfaction, and with good cause. 

A few pages back we had " nothing wonderful f we have 
now by way of contrast — 

" SOMETHING WONDERFUL.— This is to give no- 
tice that my wife Elizabeth Hilderbrand, hath eloped from 
my bed and board, and hath taken up with a certain Jacob 
Grimm. Therefore I forewarn all persons, &c. 

Laurence Hilderbrand." 

"FOR SALE — a good chunk of a plough horse, price 25 
dollars.^' Bigger, I suppose, than the celebrated piece of chalk. 



EARLY ANNALS. 181 

The first sea vessel from above Cincinnati passed down, 
April 27th, 1801. "Anchored off this place on Monday af- 
ternoon, the brig St. Clair, commodore Whipple commander, 
of one hundred tons burthen. She was built at Marietta, and 
is allowed by good judges to be well built, and a handsome 
vessel. She is completely rigged and ready for sea — her car- 
go is the produce of the country — she is bound for some of 
the West India islands. 

" On her arrival the banks were crowded with people, all 
eager to view this pleasing presage of the future greatness of 
our infant country. This is the first vessel which has descend- 
ed the Ohio equipped for sea." 

May 6th. — No mails for two weeks. 

Census of Hamilton county — embracing the country from 
the river Ohio to the northern boundary line of the state, 
then territory ; and from the Scioto to the Indiana territorial 
line: 

Males. Females. 

Whites under ten years 3,273 3,090 

from ten to sixteen 1,335 1,165 

from sixteen to twenty-six 1,502 1,297 

from twenty-six to forty-five . . . 1,251 954 

from forty-five and upwards 480 344 

Whole population 14,691. 

"Number of inhabitants in the town of Lexington, agreea- 
bly to the late census: — Whites, 1,333; free colored, 23; 
slaves, 439. Total, 1795," Nearly four times the then po- 
pulation of Cincinnati. 

William McMillan, delegate for the new territory, returns 
to his constituents. A public dinner given, in testimony of 
respect for his character and services. 

Violent storm of hail. May 27th. 

" On Monday last, this town and neighborhood was visited 
with a dreadful hail-storm, accompanied by a heavy torrent of 
rain. Many of the lumps of ice, which were found after the 
rain had subsided, and, of course, must have lost considera- 

Q 



182 EARLY ANNALS. 

bly from the time they fell, weighed upwards of an ounce. 
We have not heard from the country, whether any or what 
damage has been done to the grain in the ground ; but in town 
the gardens are considerably injured, and 1,924 panes of glass 
have been broke." 

Ship-building was not confined to the enterprising citizens 
of Marietta, as may be seen by the following extract: 

" Elizabethtown, Allegheny county, Penn'a. — Was safely 
launched at this ship-yard, yesterday, April 23d, the schooner 
MONONGAHELA FARMER, burthen upwards of 90 tons. 
She is built of the best materials — white oak and black wal- 
nut, strong, and of elegant construction; her bottom plank 
large two-inch oak, and her deck two-inch yellow pine. She 
is now riding in the stream, opposite this town, where she 
takes in a cargo of superfine flour, with which, in a few days, 
she will drop down to Pittsburg, and from thence proceed to 
New Orleans, where she will be completely rigged and fitted 
for sea, having on board all the necessary blocks, and a com- 
plete suit of sails, together with two extra lofty sails, two an- 
chors, and two cables. It is probable that the owners might 
be induced to sell the vessel and cargo at New Orleans, if a 
generous price should be offered, before her rigging is set up. 
Any who would wish to purchase, would do well to apply to 
John Walker, supercargo, on board." 

" NOTICE.— Will be offered for sale on Saturday, the 23d 
instant, at four o'clock, at Griffin Yeatman's tavern, THE 
BUILDING OF A MARKET-HOUSE, in the town of Cin- 
cinnati ; the under story to be built of stone and lime, and 
the upper story to be built of wood, and will be sold sepa- 
rate," &c. 

July 1. — No Spy published for the last three weeks, for 
want of paper. The hail-storm — already noticed, May 27th — 
extended to Lexington, Ky. in which neighborhood the hail 
fell the size of goose eggs, and, as may be supposed, did great 
damage. 

Advertisements are continually appearing for schoolmas- 



EARLY ANNALS. 183 

ters, to go into the interior — to Deerfield, Great Miami, Day- 
ton, <fcc. 

A printer's celebration of the 4th of July, by himself, for 
want of company. I extract the 9th and 12th toasts :— 

9th. — " My ninety-five subscribers, who withdrew their 
subscriptions, because I dared to think not exactly as they 
thought. May they remember that "every difference of 
opinion is not a difference in principle." 

12th. — "MYSELF, — may the man who takes my paper, 
and won't pay me for it, never have money to buy a paper, 
nor a friend to lend him one ; may he remain as ignorant as 
that man down yonder, on Bennet's creek, who never knew 
there was an Indian war.^^ 

A correspondent complains, May 20th, of women bringing 
children to church, and neglecting to carry them out when 
they cry. " Nothing," he remarks, " is more disagreeable, 
to either speaker or hearer, than the bawling of children ; but 
some persons will hear the sermon, even though it should be 
at the expense of every other person present. It would be 
well, also, if persons were to leave off hammering on fry- 
ing-pans, during divine service." 

The second census of the United States taken. The po- 
pulation of the north-western territory ascertained to be 
45,028 whites, 337 free colored — ^^total, 45,365 souls. 

Charles Faran advertises for cooper-stuff. " Whiskey-bar- 
rel staves to be 32 inches long, 5 inches in breadth, clear of 
tap, I inch on the heart side; heading 19 inches long, 9^ 
inches broad, clear of tap, 1^ inch on the tap side. READY 
MONEY given for the above, at 4 shillings and 8 pence — 621 
cents — per hundred of five-score and twelve. — July 1, 1801." 

Competition, it seems, brings down the price of well water, 
as in the case of other things. June 2 — appear two rival ad- 
vertisements of well-water, for four dollars per annum to sub- 
scribers, payable quarterly, in advance. 

" Nothing strange or new.'— I have again commenced the 
BUTCHERING busincss, at the corner of Sycamore and Second 



184 EARLY ANNALS. 

Street, where I expect to keep a constant supply of FRESH 
MEAT, throughout the season. N. Hunt." 

The Fourth of July celebrated by one party at Yeatman's, 
and by another, in republican simplicity, at a spring, on the 
bank of the Ohio, just above Deer creek bridge — a broad rock 
serving as a table. Citizen John Cleves Symmes, being cho- 
sen president, and citizen doctor William Goforth, vice presi- 
dent of the day. 

9th toast. — " Reformation to backsliding whigs, and humil- 
ity to aristocrats." 

16th. — "The Press and its martyr, Duane. May some 
angel, in JeiTerson's form, knock off his fetters, and open his 
prison doors." 

".^ 7iew road to Chelicotha. — The public is informed, that 
a new road is laid out and opened, twelve to fifteen feet wide, 
from Deerfield to Chelicotha; those who have travelled it, 
gave a very favorable account of it, as being on good ground, 
no swamps, and but few hills. The distance is about forty 
miles from Deerfield to Greenfield, and twenty-seven miles 
from Greenfield to Chelicotha; there is several settlements on 
the road, that travellers may be accommodated." 

"The honorable brio-adier general WILKINSON arrived 
at Fort Washington, on Sunday last, from Pittsburg; and, on 
Monday, proceeded down the river." 

"The president of the United States has been pleased to 
appoint general James Findlay, of Cincinnati, marshal of 
and for the district of Ohio ; and William McMillan, Esq. 
attorney for the United States, in the same district." These 
were the first incumbents to those ofl[ices in this state — then 
territory. 

A Dun. " The Last Bequest. — All persons indebted to the 
subscriber are once more requested, &c. Those indebted for 
a longer period than three months, need not apply for further 
credit, &;c. — Cincinnati, July 18th. D. Conner &; Co." 

"A CAUTION. — AVhereas, my wife Margaret Payne has 
separated herself from me, and has wholly denied ever living 



EARLY ANNALS. 185 

with me, without any reason or provocation, but by the ad- 
vice of malicious persons, as I expect, I do, therefore, fore- 
warn, (fee. Larkin Payne." 

** Now in the press, and for sale at this office, to-morrow, 
price 25 cents, a pamphlet, entitled. The Little Book: The 
Arcanum Opened, containing the fundamentals of the pure 
and most ancient theology — The Urim, or Halcyon Cabala, 
containing the platform, of the spiritual tabernacle rebuilt, 
composed of one grand substantive — and Seven excellent 
Topics, in opposition to spurious Christianity. A liberal 
deduction will be made to those who take a quantity. *^..* No 
trust. August 19." 

It appears singular, that the first book published in Cincin- 
nati, should be law, and the second divinity. 

"Wanted, at the Spy office, a few fresh cucumbers." 

Henry Furry advertises a large quantity of excellent rye 
whiskey and peach brandy, which will be bartered for hor- 
ses, &c. 

About this time, our great staple — the hog — enters into ad- 
vertisements. 

" For sale — a quantity of good bacon. Inquire at the 
office." 

A correspondence, published in the Spy, August 26th, be- 
tween Elijah H. Backus, of Marietta, and the celebrated Dr. 
Timothy D wight, on the subject of a copper coin, found on 
the bank of the Little Miami river, at the depth of four feet 
from the surface of the earth. Dr. Dwight is "satisfied that 
the characters thereon are of the Zend or old Persian writ- 
ing." These letters are interesting to the general reader, as 
well as the antiquarian, but are entirely too long for these 
pages. 

August 26. — "A very remarkable fish, and without scales, 
taken on the Licking, and brought over to Cincinnati." 

Obituary of General Benedict Arnold, September 2. 

September 19.— " Important discovery. American cantha- 
rides. Dr. Shelton has discovered a species of hug, which 

Q 2 



186 EARLY ANNALS. 

abound in potato-patches, having all the virtues of the Span- 
ish, which cost twenty dollars per pound, while more of these 
American cantharides may be obtained, than will be wanted 
for domestic use, with no expense and little trouble." 

I doubt these bugs were all hum-bugs. 

Cincinnati, it seems, was not alone in its early estimate of 
the importance of steam-boats to the navigation of the west. 

"Lexington, August 11, 1801. — On Thursday last, Mr. 
Edward West exhibited, to the citizens of this place, a speci- 
men of a boat worked by steam, applied to oars; the applica- 
tion is simple, and, from the opinion of good judges, will be 
of great benefit in navigating the Mississipi and Ohio rivers. 
Mr. West intends to apply for a patent for this discovery." 

We have, September 9th, in an advertisement, some further 
light on Cincinnati prices of 1801 : — Salt, $2 per bushel; salt- 
petre, 375 cents per pound ; powder, 75 cents ; lard, 12$ cts. ; 
tar, per gallon, 50 cts. For READY MONEY only. 

I notice two remarkable and characteristic sayings of gene- 
ral Washington, well worthy of being on more durable re- 
cord, than in the pages either of the Spy, or " Cincinnati in 
1841." 

"To be just, one must sometimes refuse to be generous.''^ 

" To dive deep into a merchant's ledger, is a sure sign of a 
failing fortune, or a callous conscience.'''' 

September 30. — A town meeting called, "to take into con- 
sideration the propriety of having the town incorporated, at 
Mr. Yeatman's tavern, this evening." 

The Cincinnati theatre, and Cincinnati races, appear for the 
first time, and both at one date.— September 30, 1801. A 
well-matched pair. 

A Dun. " To subscribers. — Wanted immediately, a quan- 
tity OF CASH, for which receipts will be given, and credits 
entered at the highest price. Enquire of Carpenter & Find- 
lay, Spy ofhce. October 10, 1801." 

"■Infallible cure for films on the eyes, and blood-shot eyes. 
— Drop in each eye of the patient, on his going to bedj two 



EARLY ANNALS. 187 

or three head-lice. They will not occasion more pain than 
an eye-stone, but will so gorge themselves with the film, or 
blood-shots, that, in the morning, they will be discharged dead 
from the eye. Let this be repeated a few times, and the cure 
will be perfected. ^^"Despise not this lousy remedy. It 
is invaluable to those that need it." 

It is remarkable, with how much sang froid it seems taken 
for granted, in this recipe, that the lice may be readily found, 
when wanted. 

"Emigration of squirrels. For a week or ten days past, 
there has been an astonishing emigration of squirrels from the 
Kentucky side to this territory. So great is the number, that 
between this and Columbia, as many as five hundred a day 
have been killed of those crossing the river, and it is pre- 
sumed that not more than one in every four that crosses is 
caught. It is probable they came a considerable distance. A 
correspondent suggests, from their moving northward, that 
this portends a very mild winter, as the squirrels would prob- 
ably go south, if they expected a hard one." 

Sept. 23. — "A silver mine, situated at a convenient distance 
from the Ohio, has been lately discovered, and purchased by 
a society of gentlemen of this town, which greatly exceeds in 
riches any hitherto known, the quantity of silver in the ore 
being nearly one-sixteenth." 

*' Account of the mammoth cheese sent by the ladies of 
Cheshire, Massachusetts, through the Rev. John Leland, to 
president Jefferson, weighing fourteen hundred pounds. The 
milk of seven hundred cows at one milking contributed to 
make this cheese, which bore the motto '•^Rebellion to tyrants 
is obedience to God/^ This article measured thirteen feet in 
circumference, was eighteen inches thick, and commanded an 
offer of five hundred dollars for it when it reached New York, 
on its way to Washington. 

Levi McLean advertises his singing school, one dollar for 
thirteen nights, or two dollars per quarter ; subscribers to find 
their own wood and candles. 



188 



EARLY ANNALS. 



Prices current at Natchez, September 28th, published No- 
vember 14th, as the latest advices. " Cotton, cwt. 21 dollars ; 
salt pork, bbl. 13 dollars; flour, bbl. 8 dollars; whiskey per 
gallon 75 cts. ; corn, bushel 1 dollar ; lime, bushel 75 cts. ; ba- 
con, lb. 12^ cts ; nails, lb. 25 cts. ; bar-iron, cwt. $14.50 ; 
castings, lb. 12 cts." 

Proposals made to kill beef cattle, the butcher to receive for 
his share the ''^ fifth quarter.''^ For the information of those 
who do not know of more than four quarters to a bullock, it 
may be well to state, that the fifth and most valuable quarter 
is the hide and talloio. 

Exports down the Mississipi agreeably to the custom-house 
books, Loftus' Heights, from January 1, to June 30, in four 
hundred and fifty flat boats, twenty-six keel boats, and seven 
large canoes : 



Flour .... 93,033 bbls. 
Tobacco .... 882 hhds. 

Peltry 45 packs. 

Do. 1,980 lbs. 

Bear-skins . . • 657 
Deer-skins . . 5347 

Do. ... . 25,000 lbs. 
Pig-lead . . . 56,900 lbs. 
Hemp 30 bales. 

Do. ... . 22,746 lbs. 
Bacon .... 57,692 lbs. 

Pork 680 bbls. 

Beef 43 bbls. 



Cordage . . 196,000 lbs. 
Whiskey .... 565 bbls. 
Peach-brandy . • 29 bbls. 

Cider 30 bbls. 

Beer 71 bbls. 

Iron 1,770 lbs. 

Nails 112 bbls. 

Lard 94 bbls. 

Butter 44 kegs. 

Cotton. . • • 4,154 bales. 
Window-glass • • 22 boxes. 

Onions 30 bbls. 

Soap ..... . . 26 boxes. 

Mill-stones .... 10 pair. 

Custom 



Apples ^ . . . 2,340 bbls. 

Two schooners and one brig built on the Ohio 
House, Loftus' Heights, July 1, 1801. 

Governor St. Clair makes his speech to the territorial leg- 
islature, convened at Chillicothe, November 26, 1801. I re- 
gret the difiiculty of giving any idea of it by extract, so as to 
show with what high handed authority he reigned over the 
territory of Ohio. In the document he tells the members very 
plainly, that they denied him time last session, to examine the 



EARLY ANNALS. 180 

bills presented for his signature ; and that this time, however 
anxious they may be for adjournment, until he has leisure to 
examine and consider their acts, they must be content to re- 
main in session, and wait his readiness. The legislature to 
whom he thus speaks, were among the first men of that day in 
Ohio ; of whom I notice as survivors, governor Morrow and 
judge Burnet. 

December 19. — The legislature passes a bill to remove the 
seat of government from Chillicothe to Cincinnati. — Yeas 12, 
nays 8. 

The theatre being in pecuniary difficulties, two measures 
are adopted to relieve it, to wit : to call on all the subscribers 
to advance twenty-five cents on each ticket — season tickets I 
suppose — and sacrifice on a few by selling them, for that night 
only, at fifty cents each* 

George Fithian notifies his debtors, that " those who do not 
pay him within thirty days will be sued without respect to vi^ 
timate friends, for charity begins at home." 

David J. Poor, who has already figured in my extracts, ad- 
dresses the public in the following notice. *' ^ warning to 
women. — "Whereas I have this day caught William Griffin 
and Rachel my wife in the very act of ADULTRY, I there- 
fore forewarn all persons of trusting or harboring her, as I will 
pay no debts of her contracting after this date." 

Little Turtle, the Indian chief commanding in the battles with 
generals Harmar, St. Clair and Wayne, passes through Pitts- 
burg, accompanied by other chiefs, December 3rd, on their 
way to visit the president. He is pronounced " to be a man 
of much discernment and intelligence, judging by his looks." 

Several fires having lately occurred, a public meeting is 
called to take measures for procuring a fire engine. 

Joseph M'Henry, the first flour inspector here, is appoint- 
ed to that office. 

" Analyses, from the National Intelligencer, of Mr. Jeffer- 
son's temporary appointments, during the recess of congress, 
and now proposed as permanent appointments. 



190 EARLY ANNALS. 

** Seventeen cases of resignation, declining to accept promo- 
tion, or of death. 

*' Two of expiration of their commission, not re-appointed. 

" Twenty-one of vacancies left unfilled by the former ad- 
ministration, mostly consulships, &c. 

*' Twenty-one of midnight appointments, to wit: made in 
the last days of Mr. Adams' being in office. 

" Six of restorations to office which they had held before. 

*' Twelve of removals for misconduct or revolutionary to- 
ryism. 

"Four of district attorneys and marshals removed, and re- 
publicans substituted, as a protection for republican citizens 
against the federalism of the courts. 

"Five of removals, to give to those who have been syste- 
matically excluded, some share in the administration of the 
government. 

"Two of removals on grounds of special propriety. In all 
ninety." 

The Spy alternates frequently, about this time, between a 
medium and a demy sheet, as the regular supply of printing 
paper gives way or holds out ; the paper on which it is print- 
ed, being no larger than the penny papers of this city, and of 
a color which defies simile. 

March 6, 1802. — Samuel C. Vance lays out the town of 
Lawrenceburg ; a few lots are set apart as donatives to indus- 
trious mechanics, &c. 

A town library company formed, Lewis Kerr, librarian. 

Joseph Blew advertises his wife — " Hannah Blew off for 
the second time, without any provocation, in any possible 
shape whatever." 

March 13. — The earliest insurance company in the west, 
established at Lexington, Kentucky. 

Natchez prices current of February 8th. — " Corn, 75 cts. 
per bushel. Cordage, 20 cts. per lb. Flour, 8 dollars per bbl. 
Whiskey, dull, 75 cts." 

Address of ^^ Little Turtle" the Indian chief, to president 



EARLY ANNALS. 191 

Jefferson, on being presented to him. It should have been 
extracted here but for its great length. Every line manifests 
that his genius as a statesman, was as remarkable as his mil- 
itary talent and conduct. He tells the president distinctly, 
that nothing can be done for the Indians, until the sale of 
whisky is prohibited among them by the whites ; " that his 
people are not wanting in industry, but that the introduction 
of this fatal poison keeps them poor," &c. 

Electioneering makes its appearance, the charter election 
being at hand. Levi M'Lean is a candidate for constable, and 
addresses *^ the free and candid electors of the town of Cin- 
cinnati." 

" Prices current at New Orleans, January 26, 1802.-— Cot- 
ton, 27 to 28 dollars per cwt., expected to fall. Sugar, 7 to 
8 cts. per lb. Indigo, 175 cts. per lb. Flour, 4 dollars per 
bbl. Castings and Hardware, assorted, no sales at present. 
Ginghams, a very great drug. Fine blue, black, brown and 
mixed cloths, 150 cts. to 2$ per yard, not too stout. Sheet- 
iron, scarce. Russia Iron, saleable. Cheese, a great drug. 
London Porter, much in demand. Claret, very abundant,— 
large quantities from Bordeaux, selling at 30 dollars per cask." 

Election, on the first Monday in April, of town officers. 
Samuel Stitt, and Isaac Anderson, two of the town trustees, 
are the only survivors at this time. 

April 17. — An Indian killed on the Ohio, below the Great 
Miami, near Isaac Mills's residence 

" A Mammoth Egg Eater.— Some days since, William 
M'Coy, one of the sovereign people, upon a wager, swallowed 
forty-two EGGS, together with the SHELLS, in ten min- 
utes. Query. At how many swallows could he make way 
with the mammoth cheese" ? 

A match. — ^In the year 1808, John Moss, now one of the 
richest merchants in Philadelphia, on a wager, after making 
his regular supper, ate three dozen hard-boiled eggs. 

Town of Jefferson, eight miles above the mouth of White- 
water, laid out. 



192 EARLY ANNALS. 

Act, to enable the people of the eastern division of the 
north-west territory to form a constitution and state govern- 
ment, and for the admission of such state — Ohio — into the 
Union, on an equal footing with the original states, — passed. 

James Wilson posts a military officer in the following 
terms :— " The treatment that I received on the 6th inst., from 
captain Cornelius Lyman, of the 2nd United States regiment 
of infantry, together with the subsequent conduct, authorise 
me thus publicly to declare him, a RASCAL, a LYAR and a 
COWARD." 

Obituary of Mrs. Martha Washington. She died. May 
22d, 1802, after seventeen days' illness. One half-column of 
the Spy, containing the details, shrouded in mourning. 

Andrew Jackson- — Old Hickory — advertises his negro slave, 
George, as having eloped from his plantation on Cumberland 
river — Fifty dollars reward. April 26th, 1802. 

The brig Eliza Green, arrives at Louisville from Marietta, 
and the ship Muskingum, of the same place, expected to ar- 
rive there the same evening. " From the low state of the 
water at present, we are sorry to say, it is impossible for ei- 
ther vessel to pass the falls." 

"Died, July 6th, general Daniel Morgan, at his house in 
Winchester, Virginia, at an advanced age." 

The earliest school for young ladies :— -" Mrs. Williams 
begs leave to inform the inhabitants of Cincinnati, that she 
intends opening a school in the house of Mr. Newman, sad- 
dler, for young ladies, on the following terms : reading, 250 
cents ; reading and sewing, $3 ; reading, sewing, and writing, 
350 cents per quarter." 

No callisthenics, or working chenille, or Poonah painting 
in those days. 

" Propositions to be submitted to the inhabitants of the 
town of Cincinnati, when met at the court-house, or place of 
holding the court, on Saturday, the 14th instant, at 2 o'clock, 
p. M. for the purpose of voting money for the use of the 
town :— 



EARLY ANNALS. 193 

1. For 6 ladders 12 dollars. 

2. For 6 fire-hooks 12 do. 

3. For seal for corporation 5 do. 

4. For a blank-book to record ordinances 8 do. 

5. For a blank-book to record minutes in 5 do. 

6. For paper, quills, inkpowder, &c. 4 do. 

Total 46 dolls." 

The milling business appears to have taken a start. " From 
the 16th of February to the 16th of May — three months — 
Major McHenry inspected 4,457 barrels of flour," all export- 
ed hence. 

Illustration of the value of cash in those days : " For sale— - 
The Laws of the Territory ; one dollar and fifty cents cash, 
two dollars if charged." 

" Dissolution.— The partnership between the subscriber and 
his wife Alice has been dissolved by mutual consent. All per- 
sons, &c. Andrew Brannon." 

Next week, we have— 

" The other side of the story. — Whereas, Andrew Brannon 
has advertised the public not to credit me on his account, it 
becomes my duty to state, that I have never yet stood in need 
of his credit. When I married him, it was in hopes of a 
home for my old age, which is fast approaching; but how 
have I been disappointed ! He has lived off my means, re- 
fused to contribute to my expenses, and treated me with great 
unkindness. I leave this fellow to his own reflections, confi- 
dent, if he is not lost to every sense of feeling, they will be 
a sufficient punishment for his conduct to me. 

Alice Glen.'* 

Here are peaches, to read of which, alone, is enough, even 
at this lapse of time, to make the mouth water: — 

Sept. 11. — " Uncommon — There is in the garden of colonel 
John Armstrong, in Columbia, a peach tree on which there is 
fruit nearly as big as a half-bushel, and would weigh, it is 
supposed, from twenty to twenty-five pounds." 

R 



194 EARLY ANNALS. 

My extracts close with the third vohnne of the Spy. That 
press continued to exist, under various enlargements and im- 
provements, until it assumed, in 1814, the name of the Cin- 
cinnati Republican, -vvhich title it still bears. 

Joseph Carpenter, the publisher and editor of the Spy, was 
from Massachusetts ; he came here at an early period, and at 
various intervals afterwards, held offices of honor and profit, 
in the gift, both of the people, and the public authorities. He 
commanded a company during the last war with Great Bri- 
tain, and served in the campaign of 1813, under general Har- 
rison. He died under the severe privations and sufferings en- 
dured in a forced march to Fort St. Mary's, in mid-winter, 
and was buried in this city, with whose early history his name 
must ever be connected, with appropriate military honors, 
and an unprecedented attendance of the citizens at the grave. 

The generation, whose brief and simple annals have been 
recorded in the last forty pages, with the exception of a few 
individuals scattered here and there, some forty or fifty in 
Cincinnati, and perhaps as many more dispersed still further 
west, have passed away from the memory, or the knowledge 
of those who now figure on the busy stage of life, and must, 
in due season, vacate also their places in society. But Cin- 
cinnati — then a humble village of a few hundred inhabitants — 
still remains ; and, like some petty rivulet whose progress we 
follow until we perceive it swelling and deepening into a large 
stream, which gives promise, in its further course, to become 
a mighty and magnificent river, we behold it already a city 
of fifty thousand inhabitants — more people than, forty years 
ago, were found in the whole state of Ohio — every year be- 
coming more central to the mass of population of the United 
States, and destined to become one of the largest and most 
important cities, if not the metropolis, of this great republic. 



PIONEER SKETCHES 



The following narrative, from the pen of John Cleves 
Symmes, the original patentee of the Miami purchase, written 
within six months of the landing of the Cincinnati pioneers, 
and now published for the first time, will, in no ordinary de- 
gree, gratify the curiosity its title serves to excite. Such 
graphic sketches, from one who may be justly termed the 
patriarch of the Miami ivilderness, written at the time, and 
on the spot, to which the events of the narrative refer, are 
singularly interesting. The whole epistle, in its various inci- 
dents, forms a synopsis of western pioneer toils, privations, 
sufferings, dangers, and adventures. Judge Symmes wrote 
this letter to one of his partners — colonel Jonathan Dayton, 
of New Jersey— and it is just such a communication as might 
be expected, from an intelligent man to his correspondent. 
Some of his anticipations— such as the value of the Miami 
river, for purposes of commerce, and the consequent impor- 
tance of his town of Northbend — have failed ; but it must be 
remembered, that no one, at that period, could have contem- 
plated that mighty change, under the influence of steam navi- 
gation, which has contributed to build up every point of con- 
sequence in the west. Nor could any one in those days have 
looked forward to the system of canals, and McAdam roads, 
which brings the produce of the valley of the great Miami 
more cheaply, speedily, and regularly to the Ohio river by 
land, than it could ever have been taken by water. But con- 
template him in his intercourse with the Indians ; he appears 
the William Penn of the west, disposed to conciliate their 

195 



196 PIONEER SKETCHES. 

favor, by doing them justice on all occasions, and incurring 
the displeasure of a portion of our own community, because 
he preferred living with them as friends than as enemies. 
Contemplate him as the Columbus of the woods, exploring a 
new world in the wilderness, and controlling all the difficulties 
of his situation, surrounded as he w^as by intractable and dis- 
contented spirits, and without any resources but his own in- 
domitable energies. All these men had enemies in the indo- 
lent, the unprincipled, and the corrupt, Avith whom they were 
surrounded ; but later generations have rendered due honors 
to their memory : and John Cleves Symmes may safely trust 
his reputation with posterity to receive the same measure of 
retributive justice. 

North Bend, May 18, 19 and 20, 1789. 

Dear Sir — I am sure that you begin to be impatient to 
hear from Miami. I shall, therefore, give you a short history 
of my efforts to carry into effect what I had promised before 
I left New Jersey, in the setding of this purchase. In doing 
this, I have not succeeded fully to my expectation ; but I am 
very far from despairing. Whether I was premature and rash 
in the attempt of so considerable a purchase and settlement, 
or have not made my calculations on well-founded principles, 
or whether it is, that I have those who endeavor to defeat my 
views, either from interested or envious motives, I know not; 
but certain it is, that I have had the mortification to conflict not 
only with those from whose malevolent disposition I had no 
right to expect any thing better, but from those in office and 
power, unexpected obstructions have been thrown in my way. 
And though I have not been actually hindered from a setdement 
by the United States troops, yet very small has been the sup- 
port which I have hitherto received. At Muskingum, I be- 
lieve, from two to three hundred men are stationed, though 
that post is not to be named, in point of danger, with the 
Miami settlement. On the other hand, one ensign, (Luce,) 
and seventeen rank and file, are all the guards that are al- 



PIONEER SKETCHES. 197 

lowed me at present, for the protection and defence of this 
slaughter-house^ as some in this country, (Kentucky,) are 
pleased to term the Miami purchase, on which are three set- 
tlements, now becoming somewhat considerable, and would 
have been important beyond my former most sanguine expec- 
tations, had I been properly aided, as promised, with troops 
of the United States, last summer; and permitted to have 
made my lodgement in September last, when I first explored 
the purchase. Those with you, certainly, must have a predi- 
lection in favor of the Ohio company's settlement, or they 
surely would order a more equal chance on the score of de- 
fence. At the city of Marietta, they had more than a year 
the start of the Miami setders ; of course they are much more 
able to repel an attack, not only from their superior numbers, 
but from their mode of settlement, on the New England plan 
of connected towns or villages ; the settlers with them being 
restrained by their directors, who will not allow them land 
whereon to settle at pleasure. The different method adopted 
for settling Miami, puts it in the power of every purchaser to 
choose his ground, and convert the same into a station, vil- 
lage, or town, at pleasure ; and nothing controls him but the 
fear of Indians. Therefore, whenever ten or twelve men will 
agree to form a station, it is certainly done. This desultory 
way of settling will soon carry many through the purchase, 
if the savages do not frustrate them. Encouragements are 
given, at every man's will, to settlers, and they bid on each 
other, in order to make their own post the more secure. The 
treaty at Muskingum, being procrastinated in the manner it 
was to mid-winter, defeated my intentions of settling so soon 
as I had proposed. However, I ordered a few surveyors to 
proceed from Limestone to Miami, in order to traverse the 
two Miamis as high as they could. Mr. Stites came down 
with the few surveyors to the Litde Miami, being the nearest 
post of the purchase ; and Stites having a great desire to 
plant himself down there, two or three block-houses were 
erected, in November last, at that place, which Stites now 

R 2 



198 PIONEER SKETCHES. 

calls Columbia. I tarried myself still at Limestone, where I 
had provided a tolerable house of my own, in which I sup- 
posed the coming spring would find me ; as I could get no 
encouragement from governor St. Clair of a favorable con- 
clusion of the treaty, nor from general Harmer of any assist- 
ance of troops. But, on the 12th of December, if I rightly 
recollect, captain Kearsey arrived at Limestone, with forty- 
five rank and file. He was ordered down the Ohio, to pro- 
tect Mr. Ludlow in surveying that river to Scioto. From 
Scioto general Harmer directed him to go to Miami, if a set- 
tlement was there begun, and protect the settlement with his 
company of soldiers through the winter. I now had a few 
troops at Limestone, where they were of much more detri- 
ment than use, as captain Kearsey had left Muskingum with 
only a supply of provisions sufficient while Mr. Ludlow might 
be meandering the river, and barely bring him from Scioto to 
Miami, or at farthest to the falls of the Ohio. Mr. Williams, 
one of the contractors, was at the falls at the time Kearsey was 
detached, and general Harmer expected that he would soon 
be coming up the river ; wherefore the general wrote a letter 
and committed it to my care, directing Mr. Williams to take 
the necessary measures for supplying Kearsey's company at 
Miami, where the general expected him to winter. But, un- 
fortunately, Mr. Williams had passed Limestone, on his way 
up the Ohio, some days before the general's letter reached 
me. No alternative was now left me, but to let captain Kear- 
sey pass on down to the garrison at the falls of Ohio, or to be 
at the expense, in the first instance, of furnishing his company 
with provisions through the winter. 

I did then hope that, on Mr. Williams' arrival at Muskin- 
gum, and reporting to the general that he had not received his 
orders at Limestone, to provide Kearsey with provisions, that 
general Harmer would have despatched immediate supplies to 
Kearsey, especially as I wrote by Mr. Williams to the general, 
that the settlement of Miami certainly would be carried into 
effect on the arrival of troops ; and that I had already directed 



PIONEER SKETCHES. 199 

the surveyors to proceed to business. These hopes mdiiced 
me to detain Kearsey, and take upon myself the burthen of 
supplying his company, a task almost impracticable at that 
season of the year, when the roads, (bad at the best,) were 
scarcely any more passable from Lexington to Limestone, 
about seventy miles ; and the amazing emigration into Ken- 
tucky had stripped all the country round Limestone of every 
kind of provisions in such a manner that nothing could be 
bought in that neighborhood, under three times the Lexington 
price for the same article. As to flour, it is chiefly brought 
down the Ohio from the Monongahela, and other rivers in the 
country round Pittsburg. And this prospect was very small, 
as the ice was now running very considerably in the Ohio. I 
had provided about three thousand weight of flour, and one 
thousand five hundred weight of pork, for my own family, 
and to assist the surveyors occasionally, when they could not 
otherwise provide for themselves. These stores I was obliged 
to open to Kearsey. At my instance, a sergeant with eighteen 
men were detached to the assistance of captain Stites and the 
surveyors, in order to support the station. These were fur- 
nished at once with fifty days' rations. About two weeks 
after, some settlers coming down the river, desirous of plant- 
ing themselves at the old fort at Miami, I prevailed with cap- 
tain Kearsey to send another sergeant with twelve men as an 
escort for them. These took ofl" the residue of my stores ; 
nor had I enough for their rations any length of time. But 
one of the men who came down as a settler assured me, that 
the soldiers who went with him should not want ; he being 
well supplied with flour and corn, which he had in his boat. 
As for meat, I knew no place where that article of the wild 
kind, could be procured with m.ore ease and plenty than at 
Miami. This detachment did not succeed like the former. 
Soon after they sailed from Limestone, the weather grew 
amazingly cold, and the Ohio froze to that degree, that I fear- 
ed that the party would get froze fast in the river b-jfore they 
reached Miami. They, however, gained Columbia, where 



200 PIONEER SKETCHES. 

they made a stop, intending to proceed to the old fort without 
much loss of time. But the floating ice which they had run 
clear of while they kept under weigh, soon came down upon 
them, and forced their boats from the shore, first carrying 
away the broadside of one of them ; Avith much difficulty it 
w^as that any of the stock of the settlers in that boat was 
saved. Many creatures were drowned, and most of the pro- 
visions of the settlers who had undertaken to supply the par- 
ty were lost entirely. This broke up the intended lodgement 
at the old fort. 

In the mean time, I had several expresses sent me from 
Mr. Stites, informing me that the Indians came frequently in 
at his block-houses, expressing great desires to see me, who, 
they understood, was coming to live in the Miami coun- 
try; and they wished to live in peace and friendship with 
their new white brothers. This the Indians had done previ- 
ous to any pacific conclusions come into at the treaty of Mus- 
kingum. The measures which the Indians took to introduce 
themselves at the block-house were a little dangerous and sin- 
gular. They had first espied captain Stites's boats lying at 
the bank of the river, opposite the block-house, as they have 
since informed me. On holding a council at their hunting 
camp, which was about six miles north-west of the Ohio, they 
concluded to introduce themselves to our acquaintance rather 
as friends than as enemies. To this they were wholly en- 
couraged by the lenity which had been shown by me to 'one 
of their camps on the Great Miami, in September last, which 
adventure I have already communicated. They had with them 
a white man, by the name of George, who was a good inter- 
preter of their language ; he had been ten or twelve years a 
prisoner with them, yet spoke the English language very 
well. George was therefore sent down to the block-house, as 
near as he and one Indian dare to go, and hallooed to our peo- 
ple, who were at work at their fortifications. George called 
out, in English, for some of them to come to him ; but those 
who heard him supposed him to be one of their own party, 



PIONEER SKETCHES. 201 

and paid no regard to George's call. At length, one answer- 
ed, in a blackguarding manner, asking him why he did not 
come to them, if he had any thing to say? This induced 
George and his companion to retreat again to their camp. 
The next step was in this sort: six of them, armed and 
mounted on horseback, made towards the block-house, in or- 
der to take a prisoner. They soon fell in with the fresh trace 
of three of the surveyors' hands, who were out a hunting. 
They rode down the trail, and came up with the three men, 
who first fled at the sight of the Indians, but soon found it 
impossible to escape ; when they prepared to make resistance. 
Robert Hamson and Joseph Cox, of Sussex county, New Jer- 
sey, were two of them. On Hamson's presenting his rifle 
at the foremost Indian, the Indian took off his cap, trailing 
his gun, and holding out his right hand : while George called 
to the white men not to fire upon them, for they were friends, 
and did not wish to hurt them ; begging to be led by them to 
the block-house. This was agreed to, and the whole nine 
came in together to captain Stites. This was so unexpected 
a visit from the Indians that the people at the block-house were 
much at a loss in what point of view to consider it. Some 
thought the Indians came in only as spies, to view their 
strength; others thought more favorably, and believed the 
Indians sincere in their peaceable professions. A few days' 
acquaintance discarded the fears of the former, and the white 
and red people began to form a sociable neighborhood : our 
hunters frequently taking shelter for the night at the Indian 
camps ; and the Indians, with their squaws, spending whole 
days and nights at the block-house, regaling themselves with 
whiskey. This important piece of information captain Stites 
communicated, as I before observed, to me at Limestone, by 
two messengers sent on foot up the banks of the Ohio. 

The want of supplies, both for myself and captain Kear- 
sey, prevented my falling down the river, as my only resource 
was, what I could draw in small quantities, at an enormous 
price, from the small country round Limestone, and now and 



202 PIONEER SKETCHES. 

then a barrel or so of flour out of some boat which came down 
with settlers and landed at that place. I waited in this disa- 
greeable situation, every day expecting the arrival of a boat 
loaded with flour, purposely for me, which I had engaged to 
be delivered by Christmas ; or for a boat of supplies which 
I expected would be sent down from general Harmer, or the 
contractors, on Mr. AVilliams' arrival at Muskingum. 

On the 24th of December last, colonel Patterson, of Lex- 
ington, who is concerned with Mr. Denman in the section at 
the mouth of Licking river, sailed from Limestone, in compa- 
ny with Mr. Tuttle, captain Henry, Mr. Ludlow, and about 
twelve others, in order to form a station and lay out a town 
opposite Licking. They sufli'ered much from the inclemency 
of the weather and floating ice, which filled the Ohio from 
shore to shore. Perseverance, however, triumphing over dif- 
ficulty, they landed safe on a most delightful high bank of the 
Ohio, where they founded the town of Losantiville, which 
populates considerably ; but would have been much more im- 
portant by this time, if colonel Patterson or Mr. Denman had 
resided in the town. Colonel Patterson tarried about one 
month at Losantiville, and returned to Lexington. 

Mean time, I got fresh information from captain Stites, of 
the impatience of the Indians to see me ; they beginning to 
upbraid him with amusing them with falsehoods, in telling 
them that I should soon be there, and would supply them 
with the articles of trade which they wanted. Fearing the 
Indians would go off in disgust, I was determined to put all 
at stake, destitute as I was of provisions for my own people 
and captain Kearsey's company. And, after collecting with 
much difliculty a small supply of flour and salt, on the 29th 
of January, I embarked with my family and furniture — cap- 
tain Kearsey and the remainder of his men going along with 
me. This season was remarkable for the amazing high fresh 
which was in the Ohio, being several feet higher than had 
been known since the white people had introduced themselves 
into Kentucky. 



PIONEER SKETCHES. 203 

I embarked with the bow of my boat even with the high 
bank on which my house, at that place, is built. When we 
arrived at Columbia, I found the place deluged in water; but 
one house on a higher spot of ground escaped. The soldiers 
had been driven from the ground-floor of their block-house 
into the loft, and from the loft into a boat which they had 
wisely preserved from the destruction of the previous ice, and 
the then raging torrent of the Ohio ; we tarried but one night, 
and proceeded to Losantiville ; there the water began to ebb, 
though the town had suilered nothing from the fresh. On the 
second of February, I fell down to this place, whence I now 
write. From the time of my first arrival in September last, 
I had remained in a great degree ignorant of the plot of ground 
at the old fort. I had been but once on the spot; and then 
expecting so soon to return to Miami, did not inform myself 
fully of the ground proposed for the city. Through the win- 
ter, I had been frequently told that the point overflowed. 

Finding Columbia under water, I did not think it proper to 
go as far down as the old fort, before I had informed myself 
whether the ground was eligible for a town or not. This, to- 
gether with two other considerations, viz.: first, that of being 
more in the way of the surveyors, who could not have access 
to me, but at the trouble of walking ten miles farther, in going 
down into the neck of land on which the old fort stands, and 
returning to the body of their work, than they otherwise would 
have occasion to do, if I landed here : the other, which in re- 
ality was the principal, was this ; from the river, elevated as 
I was in my boat, by the height of the water, I could observe 
that the river hills appeared to fall away, in such a manner, 
that no considerable rise appeared between the Ohio and the 
Great Miami. I knew the distance across the neck did not 
much, if any, exceed a mile to the Great Miami, and flattered 
myself with the prospect of finding a good tract of ground, 
extending from river to river, on which the city might be built 
with more propriety, than it would be to crowd it so far down 
in the point, from the body of the country round it. I was, 



204 PIONEER SKETCHES. 

for these reasons, determined to make my first lodgement in 
the most northerly bend of the river, where the distance is the 
least, and the lands the lowest, over to the Miami ; when I ar- 
rived at the place, the banks were inviting from their secure 
appearance from the then fresh in the Ohio. We landed about 
three of the clock in the afternoon, with captain Kearsey and 
his whole company, which had joined him at Columbia. 
That afternoon, we raised what in this country is called a 
camp, by setting two forks of saplings in the ground, a ridge- 
pole across, and leaning boat-boards, which I had brought from 
Limestone, one end on the ground and the other against the 
ridge-pole: enclosing one end of the camp, and leaving the 
other open to the weather for a door, Avhere our fire was made 
to fence against the cold, which was now very intense. In 
this hut I lived six weeks, before I was able to erect myself a 
log-house, and cover it, so as to get into the same with my 
family and property. Captain Kearsey and his company land- 
ed with me at this place, though he urged to go to the old fort ; 
and ever afterwards seemed displeased that I would go no fur- 
ther down the river. The next day after I landed, I sent cap- 
tain Henry and Daniel Symmes, to examine the ground over 
to the Great Miami ; they reported, that the neck of land was 
considerably broken with hills and small streams of water, in 
such a manner as to forbid the laying out of the city from the 
Ohio to that river. A few days after, captain Kearsey, captain 
Henry and myself, went down in a small boat to the old fort, 
about four miles below, in order to explore the point on which 
it had been proposed to lay off the city. The river by this 
time had fallen about fifteen feet ; but the cold had spread a 
mantle of ice, six inches thick, over all the back waters while 
at their height, which had closed so firmly round the trees on 
the low bottoms of the country along the river side, as to hang 
like canopies projecting from the trees, for four or five feet 
distance. These exact marks pointed out to me, without any 
possible mistake, the degrees to which the lowlands had been 
overflowed at that point. I found that the fine large bottom 



PIONEER SKETCHES. 205 

of land lying quite down in the point, had been all covered to 
the depth of many feet, as a great part thereof was still under 
water. I went over from the old fort to the pond on Miami, 
and examined the whole point downwards ; but am obliged to 
own that I was exceedingly disappointed in the plat which we 
had intended for a city. I enclose you a map, particularly of 
that part, that the proprietors may be made the more sensible 
of the quality of the ground, which to me appeared beyond 
dispute, altogether ineligible. Being now quite at a loss where 
to lay out the city, as I had been twice disappointed, I resolv- 
ed, therefore, without more loss of time, to lay out a number 
of house-lots in order to form a village on the spot where we 
were ; the ground being very proper for a project of that kind 
on a small scale. Forty-eight lots of one acre each were ac- 
cordingly laid off, every other one of which I proposed to give 
away, retaining one for each proprietor, upon condition only 
of the donees building immediately thereon. These twenty- 
four donation lots were soon taken up, and further applications 
being made, I have extended the village up and down the 
Ohio, until it forms a front one mile and an half on the river ; 
in which are more than one hundred lots ; on forty of which, 
observing the order of every other lot, there is a comfortable 
log-cabin built and covered with shingles or clapboards, and 
other houses are still on hand, so that there remain not three 
donation lots unappropriated. This village I have called 
Northbend, from its being situated in the most northerly bend 
of the Ohio, that there is between the Muskingum and the 
Mississipi. Northbend being so well improved by the build- 
ings already erected and making, and fresh applications every 
few days, being made to me for house-lots, I was induced to 
lay off another village, about seven miles up the Ohio from 
Northbend, being one mile in front on the river. The ground 
was very eligible for the purpose, and I would have continued 
farther up and down the river, but was confined between two 
reserved sections. This village I call Southbend, from its 

being contiguous to the most southerly point of land in the 

S 



206 PIONEER SKETCHES. 

purchase. In this village several houses are almost finished, 
and others begun ; and I make no doubt that the whole of the 
donation lots will soon be occupied, if we remain in safety. 

I have not as yet been able to make a decisive choice of a 
plat for the city, though I have found two pieces of ground, 
both eligible for a city ; but not upon the present plan of a re- 
gular square : on both a town must, if built, be thrown into 
an oblong of six blocks or squares by four. One of these 
plats lies east of this about three miles, on the Ohio, a little 
above Muddy creek ; the other lies north about the same dis- 
tance, on the bank of the Great Miami, in a large bend of the 
river, which you will observe on the map, about twelve miles 
up the Miami from its mouth. It is a question of no little 
moment and difficulty to determine which of these spots are 
preferable, in point of local situation. I know that, at first 
thought, most men will decide in favor of that on the Ohio ; 
from the supposition that the Ohio will command more trade 
and business than the Miami. I will readily gi-ant that more 
trade will be passing up and down the Ohio, and many more 
boats constantly plying on a river which is eleven hundred 
miles in length. But some objections arise to this spot, not- 
withstanding. You must know, sir, that a number of towns 
are building on the banks of the Ohio, from Pittsburg to Louis- 
ville, and even further down the river; every one of these 
will be aiming at some importance. When a boat is freighted 
at any of the upper towns on the Ohio, unless the merchants 
in our city will give the Orleans price, or near it, for their 
produce or cargo, the merchants of the upper towns will not 
fail to proceed down the river to the highest market. And as 
merchants will be strewed all along the Ohio, they will have the 
same advantage of navigation in all respects with ours. But a 
more important objection lies to this spot on the Ohio, from 
its distance from the Great Miami. The extent of country 
spreading for many miles on both sides of the Great Miami, is, 
beyond all dispute, equal, I believe superior, in point of soil, 
water and timber, to any tract of equal contents to be found 



PIONEER SKETCHES. 207 

in the United States. From this Egypt on Pdiami, in a very- 
few years, will be poured down its stream to the Ohio, the 
products of the country from two hundred miles above the 
moudi of the Great Miami, which may be principally col- 
lected at a trading town low down the banks of that river; 
here, no rival city or town can divide the trade of the river. 
The body of the Miami settlers will have their communica- 
tions up and down the Great Miami, both for imports and ex- 
ports. They cannot work their corn and flour boats eight or 
nine miles up the Ohio, from the mouth of the Great Miami, 
should the city be built above Muddy creek. But were it 
built on the Miami, the settlers throughout the purchase would 
find it very convenient. At Northbend a sufficient number of 
merchants may, and no doubt will settle, so as to command 
all the share of trade on the Ohio ; half an hour's gallop of 
three miles brings you to the city plat on the Miami. One 
mile's portage is all the space that lies between the Miami and 
Northbend ; and I have already marked out a road across, 
which is not only tolerable, but exceedingly good, if you 
make allowance for the hills which it winds through ; then 
two miles by water up the Miami brings heavy articles from 
the Ohio to the city. The farmers, to come only down the 
Great Miami to the city plat on that river, and return with 
their boats freighted, will save them each trip several days, 
which they must lose if they have to double the point and 
climb the Ohio to Muddy creek. I know well that the point 
itself would do best of all, with regard to trade, were there to 
be found an eligible spot for the city ; but this I pronounce 
very impracticable, unless you raise her, like Venice, out of 
the water, or get on the hills with the town. There is only 
gi'ound for one street between the hill and wet land, and this 
is hardly half a mile in length. A small village is all that I 
can flatter myself with at the point, if we allow more of a lot 
than barely to set a house on. It is true, a few industrious 
families there situated may do much business in the trading 
line, when they have stock ; and perhaps it will do well to 



208 PIONEER SKETCHES. 

lay out a village there of about forty-eight or fifty lots ; but 
this I submit to the proprietors' pleasure, begging leave to 
make one observation only on the subject. Broken and hilly 
as the neck of land is, from the Northbend to the point, it 
beggars all description in point of excellence of soil and the 
wild grass with which it is so luxuriantly clothed. The con- 
tents of the neck I suppose to be about three thousand acres ; 
one mile offence secures it against all manner of tame stock; 
of this three thousand acres not less than one thousand is first 
rate meadow land ; about another third is quite capable of til- 
lage, and level enough for plowing ; the remainder is heavily 
timbered, but of the richer growths, not so proper for rails as 
fuel ; yet even this least valuable third part is now, and forever 
will be, clad with the richest pastures of wild and tame grass ; 
the latter is gaining very fast at the point round the old fort ; 
the genuine spear grass stood there last September as high as 
a man's waist. 

These favorable properties attending the neck induces me to 
wish that the whole may be reserved as a common manor for 
the proprietors, under such regulations as shall be liberal for 
the encouragement of strangers who come to settle in the re- 
served township. Montauk point, on Long Island, invaluable 
as it has always been to the inhabitants of East Hampton, 
may be in a few years rivalled, in many respects, by Miami 
point. As a pasture for feeding cattle and horses, as a com- 
mon field either for mowing or plowing, its worth to those 
who may hereafter purchase shares therein will be great in- 
deed, as one mile offence will be their whole expense of se- 
curing its products. My voice is, therefore, loud for its being 
converted into a manor for the general good ; but I submit it 
to the proprietors, and shall obey their pleasure. The quality 
of the lands throughout the reserved township is exceeding 
good; and though they are, (excepting a few bottoms,) gene- 
rally more or less hilly, yet I have not seen fifty acres togeth- 
er, of the most broken of this township, on which an indus- 
trious man could not get a comfortable living. I have caused 



PIONEER SKETCHES. 209 

the whole of the township and fraction to be surveyed; and 
again split the sections east of the path from this to Miami 
into half miles, and caused a stake to be well set in the ground 
every forty poles at every corner. This prepares the work for 
a division of lots into ten, thirty and sixty acres, to each proprie- 
tor and purchaser, in proportion as he makes himself interested. 

The suspense I am in touching the city plat embarrasses 
me a little, with regard to the laying out of the one hundred 
acre lots, for so I call (though not properly) the ten, thirty, 
and sixty acre lots. The ten acres I shall throw round the 
villages and city in the nearest manner I can ; they are al- 
ready laid out round Northbend, the thirty comes next, and 
the sixty farthest off. I shall not be too impatient to lay off 
the thirty acre lots, unless they may be more v\^anted than at 
present. The house lots and the ten acre lots are as much as 
any of the settlers can cultivate this season ; and I shall wait 
in hopes that some of the proprietors ere long Avill come out 
to my assistance, with fresh instructions for me. As it is un- 
certain where the city will be built, and whether the point 
may be reserved for the purpose of a manor or not, I shall be 
cautious how I set apart particular lots of land until these 
matters are settled by the proprietors. 

There is another question relative to the villages which I 
have laid out that I would be glad to have resolved : this is, 
whether I may sell the proprietors' every other lot or not? 
If my advice may have any weight with the gentlemen pro- 
prietors, when they meet, it is this : let the owner of each 
propriety empower some person to elect one lot in each vil- 
lage for the proprietor, and suffer the other lots to be sold at a 
certain moderate price. It will encourage emigrants to setde 
among us. Many come here who had rather pay for a lot in 
the middle of the village, than accept of one gratis at either 
of the extremities of the town. I have been prevailed upon 
already to sell one, at half a joe, to a valuable citizen, rather 
than lose him ; and there are several others who propose pur- 
chasing, if I will sell at that price. I know that three pounds 

s 3 



210 PIONEER SKETCHES. 

is too small a sum to sell these acre lots at ; but I am obliged 
to be all things, on the score of indulgence, lest I may dis- 
courage the settlement, which would be truly grasping at the 
shadow and losing the substance. 

Amazing has been the pains which many in Kentucky have 
taken to prejudice strangers against the Miami settlement. 
The cause has principally been owing to the piques of disap- 
pointment. 

Last September many land jobbers from Kentucky, came 
into the purchase and applied for lands, and actually pointed 
out on paper where they wished to take them. I gave them 
time to the first of November to make payment for one half; 
and to the present month of May for the other half. The sur- 
veying and registering fees were to be paid at the time of the 
first half. Some of them agi-eed to give an advanced price in 
consideration that I would wait till May, come twelve months, 
for the purchase money. This I was content to do on their 
paying the surveying fees by the first of November, and allow- 
ing interest on the principal sum until paid. After this, the 
greater part of them deserted me when about forty miles up 
the Miami, where I had ventured on their promises to escort 
me down that river, meandering its courses ; which so diso- 
bliged me that I have been very indifferent ever since, v\^hether 
one of them came into the purchase or not, as I found them 
very ungovernable and seditious ; not to be awed or persua- 
ded. To the disobedience of these men, I impute the death 
of poor Filson, who had no rest afterwards while with me for 
fear of the Indians, and at length, attempting to escape to the 
body of men I had left on the Ohio, he was destroyed by the 
savages. These pretending purchasers, neglecting to pay me 
one farthing until January, and the surveying business suffer- 
ing greatly by the want of the fees, I was induced to publish 
an advertisement in the Lexington Gazette, requiring of all 
those purchasers, payment of the surveying fees by the first 
of February, and of one half of the purchase money by the 
first of March, and the residue by the first of May, ensuing ; 



PIONEER SKETCHES. 211 

or I should consider all negotiations for land void, wherein 
they did not comply herewith, or give the advanced price on 
a longer credit. Very few, indeed, have complied ; the others 
have endeavored to asperse my character, and throw the rea- 
sons of their noncompliance on me. But, let the world judge 
whether it is even probable that they had either intention or 
ability to accomplish the payment for seventeen townships, 
the contents of what they had dexterously located, as they 
called it, in the space of a very few days. The truth is, mak- 
ing a few exceptions of very worthy characters from the dis- 
trict of Kentucky, the most of them had no other views than 
speculation, as appeared soon after their return home ; from 
their selling to their neighbors the privilege of taking a part 
of what they had located, and becoming accountable to me for 
the purchase money. Finding themselves disappointed in 
their views, and no longer able to prosecute their plans of sel- 
ling what they never had an intention of making their own, 
and driving the same game they have long followed in Ken- 
tucky, many have vented their spleen in abuses and calum- 
nies, both of me and of the country within the purchase ; en- 
deavoring to prevent every person they can from coming to 
Miami. At Limestone they assert with an air of assurance, 
that the Miami country is despicable, that many of the inhabi- 
tants are killed, the settlers all fled who have escaped the 
tomahawk, adjuring those bound to the falls of Ohio, not to 
call at the Miamis, for that they would certainly be destroyed 
by the Indians. With these falsehoods, they have terrified 
about thirty families, who had come down the river with a 
design of settling at Miami, and prevailed with them to land 
at Limestone, and go into Kentucky. But, however, they 
are not able to frustrate the settlement altogether. Every 
week, almost every day, some people arrive at one or other 
of our towns, and become purchasers and setders. And I 
trust that the effect of their malevolence will very soon vanish 
like a fog. Many persons who have been with us, made pur- 
chases, built houses, and are fully satisfied and much pleased 



212 PIONEER SKETCHES. 

with the country, have returned and are still returning every 
day to their several homes, in all parts of the country west, as 
well as east, of the Allegheny mountains, with a view of re- 
turning to the Miamis in the fall, with their families and ef- 
fects. These will sufficiently refute all the evil reports that 
are spread abroad, of the country, and make the truth of the 
matter clear to the world. I do myself the honor, herewith to 
transmit to you a map of the purchase, as high as our survey- 
ors have hitherto been able to traverse the two Miami rivers, 
and extend the meridian lines north into the heart of the coun- 
try. By this survey, which has been done by gentlemen sworn 
to survey with accuracy and truth, you will see how the two 
Miamis approach each other ; nor need I observe, that so far 
from there being any overplus land within the limits of my 
first contract, the truth is, that I shall want some hundred 
thousand acres, to make up the complement of one million. 
Hence all will perceive the impropriety of pushing matters so 
very hastily, and taking for granted, without giving time for in- 
vestigation, that there is twice as much land between the Mi- 
amis, as in fact there is. I shall draw no comments, and only 
beg permission to say, that if Mr. Stites is ousted of the set- 
tlement he has made with great danger and difficulty, at the 
mouth of the Little Miami, it cannot be either politic or just. 

The business of surveying has been carried on with great 
spirit and enterprise, by the young gentlemen who have been 
employed in that service. They plunged into the woods in 
mid-winter, when the snow was considerably deep on the 
ground and the cold very severe ; nor were these inconvenien- 
ces all which they suffered : the stock of flour which I purpose- 
ly provided for them, in the fall of the last year, was appropria- 
ted to the use of captain Kearsey's company, nor was it possi- 
ble to replace it at any rate. The surveyors, therefore, and 
their attendants, were put to great shifts for bread. Many had 
their limbs frost-bitten, but none lost their lives by any hard- 
ships, except Noah Badgley, of Westfield, in Ncav Jersey; a 
very worthy young man, who had been for some time an in- 



PIONEER SKETCHES. 213 

dustrious citizen of Losantiville. This young gentleman was 
induced to repair to Kentucky for a supply of bread-corn ; he, 
with three other inhabitants of the same town with him, em- 
barked in a canoe with their provisions, near Bourbon, on 
Licking river, when the water was high and the weather cold. 
They proceeded down the river for many miles, when coming 
into a very difficult place, where the stream broke off into sev- 
eral very crooked channels, the canoe was driven against drift 
logs and trees with such violence as to overset her. The four 
men saved themselves from the water by climbing on a tree, 
one of them soon swam out and escaped ; Mr. Badgley next at- 
tempted to cross the stream by swimming, but was so rapidly 
hurried down the current that he was not able to gain the 
shore, and perished. The remaining two men continued on 
the tree for three days and nights — as one of them informed 
me — before they were taken oiT by the people who were fol- 
lowing them down the river to Losantiville. 

I will now, sir, resume the subject of the Indians, who had 
been so long impatient to see me at Miami. On my arrival at 
Miami I found no Lidians at that place ; they were all out at 
their camp, about six miles off, and I could not then tarry for 
an interview. A few days after my arrival at Northbend, I had 
occasion to send my nephew to Columbia in a keel boat; with 
him, George, the interpreter, and an old Shawanese called cap- 
tain Fig, came down to me. Two days after, several more 
Shawanese Indians and some squaws came down by land ; and 
in a few days following, arrived a Shawanese chief Avith anoth- 
er man of that nation. The chief communicated to me their 
wishes to be on friendly terms, signifying that it would be 
very much to their advantage to have free intercourse with us, 
and exchange their peltries for the articles which they much 
wanted. To this you will suppose I readily agreed. The 
chief (the others sitting around him,) wished to be informed 
how far I was supported by the United States, and whether 
the thirteen fires had sent me hither. I answered them in the 
affirmative, and spread before them the thirteen fires, which I 



214 PIONEER SKETCHES. 

had in a flag then in my camp. I pointed to the troops in 
uniform — then on parade — and informed the chief, that these 
were the warriors which the thirteen fires kept in constant 
pay to avenge their quarrels, and that though the United 
States were desirous of peace with them, yet they were able 
to chastise any aggressor who should dare to offend them ; 
and to demonstrate this, I showed them the seal of my com- 
mission, on which the American arms were impressed, observ- 
ing, that while the eagle held a branch of the tree, as an em- 
blem of peace, in one claw, she had strong and sharp arrows 
in the other, which denoted her power to punish her enemies. 
The chief, who observed the device of the seal, with great 
attention, replied by the interpreter, that, "he could not see 
any intimation of peace from the attitude the eagle was in, 
having her wings spread as in flight, when folding her wings 
denoted rest and peace. That he could not understand how 
the branch of a tree could be considered as a pacific emblem, 
for rods designed for correction were always taken from the 
boughs of trees. That to him the eagle appeared, from her 
bearing a large whip in one claw, and such a number of ar- 
rows in the other, and in full career of flight, to be wholly bent 
on war and mischief." I need not repeat to you my argu- 
ments to convince him of his mistake ; but I at length succeed- 
ed, and he appeared entirely satisfied of the friendship of con- 
gelis (for so they pronounced congress,) to the red people. 
Captain Blackbird — for so the chief was called — assured me, 
that I need be under no apprehensions of mischief from the 
Shawanese nation. He even asked me permission, to come 
down with his tribe and settle on a prairie or plain in the pur- 
chase, about thirty miles from this place up the Great Miami, 
which I assented to. After they had sold to me all their furs 
and skins, which were several hundred, and almost stripped me 
of all the linen and cloth that I had brought out for the use of 
the surveyors and my workmen, which almost ruined me as to 
those articles, so much were wanted, and having lived chiefly 
at my expense (nor was it a very small one, as they had whis- 



PIONEER SKETCHES. 215 

key at their pleasure gratis,) for about four weeks, they took 
leave in a most friendly manner, promising to return to North- 
bend again by the third new moon, which is already some days 
past. Those Indians which had continued in the neighbor- 
hood of Columbia all this while, moved off about the same 
time ; not without being somewhat offended by the treatment 
they met with from the traders who came down the Ohio 
with whiskey and some other articles. They had sold the In- 
dians whiskey that had frozen in the cask, before they reached 
their camp ; they made an Indian pay for a rifle gun thirty, 
the Indians say forty, buck-skins, which they value at one dol- 
lar each, besides a horse of fifteen pounds price. A worth- 
less gunsmith, who undertook to put a new chop — worth one 
and six pence — for the flint, to the cock of an Indian's rifle, 
made the Indian leave two bucks for the work, before he 
would undertake it ; another Indian calling for the gun, was 
forced to pay two bucks more before the smith would give up 
the gun. This ill usage the Indians complained of very much 
to me ; the consequence was, that in a short time after the In- 
dians left Columbia, several of the horses were stolen from 
that place ; and it was not long before another attempt was 
made on their horses, and some more carried off; again, a 
third time, horses were stolen from Columbia, when a party 
under the command of lieutenant Bailey went in pursuit of the 
felons. They followed the trail of the horses about eighty 
miles, and came up with fresh signs of Indians being very 
near. Mr. Flinn went forward in order to reconnoitre and 
make discoveries. He soon espied an Indian camp, as he 
thought, and creeping out sofdy to inform himself more par- 
ticularly, he did not perceive three Indians that were as softly 
creeping behind him, until one of them clapped him on the 
shoulder, crying out, yo ho! yo hoJ Flinn looking round, 
not a little dismayed to see himself a prisoner, yielded with- 
out resistance. They led him to their camp, the Indians set- 
ting their gims, together with Flinn' s, beside a tree. No inter- 
preter being present, they could not converse together. They 



216 PIONEER SKETCHES. 

had not stood long at the Indian camp, before Mr. Flinn ob- 
served one of them go to some tugs — so they called straps 
made of raw hide — and supposing they intended to bind him 
therewith, conscious of his own agility, he sprang from them 
and made his escape ; they did not fire at him. Returning to 
his party, Avith whom, seizing five horses belonging to the In- 
dians, they made precipitately for Columbia, and came in safe 
with only the loss of Flinn's gun. They had not been long at 
Columbia, before the same party of Indians (Wyandots) came 
there with their squaws, bringing Flinn^s gun, and requested 
of Mr. Stites the horses which had been taken from them by 
lieutenant Bailey and party; assuring Mr. Stites, that they 
were innocent of the robbery of those horses previously taken 
from Columbia. Several of the Indians were of those who 
had been formerly at Columbia. The matter was soon com- 
promised, and the horses restored. One of those Indians, a 
Wyandot chief, demanded of Mr. Stites twenty dollars, which 
colonel Morgan, on his way to Mississipi, had promised 
should be paid to him, for his trouble in carrying letters from 
Little Miami to Muskingum and Sandusky. He promised 
the Indian forty dollars ; but a Mr. Magee at Sandusky had 
paid him twenty, and he now came down to Miami for the 
other twenty. Mr. Stites brought the Wyandot chief to me, 
on the 30th of April. I endeavored to show him, that for 
what colonel Morgan had promised him I was not accounta- 
ble. I gave him a new calico shirt, telling him, by the inter- 
preter, that as he had worn out his shirt in colonel Morgan's 
service, 1 would replace it wdth a new one. He seemed dis- 
satisfied that he was not likely to get his twenty dollars, and 
could not be made otherwise sensible, but that what one white 
owed an Indian, every white man was bound to pay until the 
debt was discharged. I informed him that I could not part 
with money ; he replied that he would take the value thereof 
in whiskey, which I agreed to give him whenever he might 
call for the same. He had left his horses at Columbia, and 
came down by water with Mr. Stites. On his return to that 



PIONEER SKETCHES. 217 

place, they freighted their horses with whiskey, and set out 
for their towns, leaving behind the whiskey I told him I 
would pay for colonel Morgan : since which I have not heard 
one syllable from them. About three weeks previous to this 
transaction, as several parties of surveyors were surveying in 
the neighborhood of Mad river, Mr. John Mills, with his party, 
as they were rising out of their camp early one morning, were 
fired upon by a party of Indians, three or four in number ; two 
men, Mr. Holman, of Kentucky, and Mr. Wells, of Dela- 
ware state, were killed ; Mr. Mills, with three others, escaped 
unhurt. This is the only instance wherein violence has been 
done by the Indians to any man in the purchase, since the 
death of Mr Filson, in September last. It remains yet un- 
known to us, of what tribe they were who fired on Mr. Mills. 
The Indians who came in after thattragedy, pretended to be en- 
tirely innocent and ignorant of the murders. Some of the set- 
tlers at Columbia, were for detaining a few of the Indians, un- 
til the rest would bring in the offenders : but I thought this 
measure not warrantable and forbade it. Our living hitherto in 
the friendly manner we have with the Indians, has excited the 
jealousy and ill will of many of our neighbors on the Kentucky 
side of the Ohio, and some even threaten to cross the river, and 
put every Indian to death which they find on the Miami pur- 
chase : this, however, I believe is only a threat, and will not be 
executed. I am very sorry, that the people of Kentucky cannot 
enjoy equal peace and quiet from the savages ; perhaps if they 
would act as moderately towards them, they might live in as 
much safety as the people of this purchase. As to the quality 
of soil throughout the purchase, it is generally good, with very 
few exceptions. The military range is held to be equal, if 
not better, land, than any range in the tract. There are very 
few hills after one leaves those of the Ohio, but large bodies of 
meadow land of excellent quality in many places. It is gen- 
erally very well watered, as you will perceive by the map, 
not a stream being laid down therein but what the surveyors 
noted down under oath in their field books, as they ran the 

T 



218 PIONEER SKETCHES. 

lines. A variety of stone is met with in the purchase, such 
as millstone rock, limestone, and a gray stone, flat and well 
formed for building. The timber is in many parts excellent, 
in some others but indifferent, owing to the soils being too 
rich. This may seem a paradox to you ; but in this country, 
on the richest soil grows the least useful timber. But what I 
call the beauty of the country is, the many prairies which lie 
in the neighborhood of Mad river. These are at once, with- 
out labor, proper for plowing or mowing. Mad river itself 
is a natural curiosity, about six poles wide on an average, and 
very deep, gliding along with the utmost rapidity ; its waters 
are beautifully clear and deep, but confined for the most part 
within its banks. What can give its current such velocity in 
the midst of so level a country, is matter of astonishment to 
all who behold it. Some of the surveyors and others, who 
went out about three weeks ago, returned lately to this place 
and reported to me, that they had explored the country as high 
as the tenth range ; that it was a most agreeable country and 
tract of land from one Miami to the other, interspersed with 
the plats of old Indian towns, and fine streams of water proper 
for mill building ; and that the head branches of the Little Mi- 
ami were nearly run down by them, being nothing larger than 
good mill-streams. As to the latitude and climate, I find that 
we are situate half a degree more northerly than I had ima- 
gined, being in 38° 30' north ; 1 am fully of opinion that the 
climate is a healthy one ; there has been no complaint of agues 
or fever since the first lodgment was made in November last; 
very little stagnant water is to be met with, and where the 
land is a little wet, it may be drained without difi^iculty. 

I now, sir, beg leave to ask why it is that we are so neglect- 
ed on the score of troops, at the settlements on the Miami 
purchase ? Is it a matter of no moment to the United States, 
whether we are saved or destroyed by the savages ? It is true 
the Indians have hitherto been unexpectedly pacific, but who 
can vouch for a continuance of peace. They are a subtile en- 
emy, and all their boasted friendship may be only to learn our 



PIONEER SKETCHES. 219 

numbers, and what state of defence we are in. The Shawa- 
nese nation (and they are nearest to us) would not treat with 
governor St. Clair, at Muskingum ; and why should they re- 
fuse him peace, and observe it with us ? There are several 
companies of troops at Muskingum, even so many that all the 
surveyors of the Ohio company have always been escorted 
with a guard : what guards have the Miami surveyors had ? 
nothing more than their own vigilance and courage to carry 
them into the very midst of danger. When general Harmar 
was so kind as to send captain Kearsey to our protection, he 
came without supplies for his men, which gave me more con- 
cern (not to mention the expense, which was not much diiEfer- 
ent of an hundred pounds specie) than the fear I should have 
labored under to have been wholly without them. To the 
settlers the name of soldiers gives confidence and boldness, 
which is of use to the design of peopling a country ; but when 
those soldiers start at a little difficulty, as captain Kearsey did 
when he was in some danger of wanting a piece of bread, they 
are of more detriment than use ; for the news immediately 
spread through the country that the settlements were broken 
up, and it was long before we recovered this stroke, given us 
by the very officer who was sent by general Harmar with ex- 
press orders to protect and promote the settlement which he 
so wilfully almost ruined. Kearsey left me at this place with- 
out even a block-house, with only five men on the ground, 
though he had been here with his whole company from the 
second day of February to the eighth day of March ; in which 
time he had not thrown two logs together by way of defence, 
though a child would have been sensible of the necessity of 
such a measure. Captain Kearse}^ had been gone but eight 
days before a contractors' boat arrived with plenty of supplies 
for him. By this opportunity I wrote to major Wyllis (a co- 
py of the letter I enclose, together with the major's answer) 
for some protection; the major was so kind as to detach Mr. 
Luce with eighteen men to my assistance, who reached me on 
the 30th or 31st day of March; since which the village has 



220 PIONEER SKETCHES. 

made very rapid increase, as those who came down the river 
were induced to settle, considering themselves safe. Mr. Luce, 
with eighteen men only, built a good block-house in one week 
after his arrival. I am sorry that captain Kearsey gave me 
occasion to accuse him of mal-conduct in leaving the place ; 
but if ever an officer's conduct ought to be inquired into, I 
think his ought ; and I hope, sir, you will lay the matter be- 
fore general Knox. It has furnished an occasion to our ene- 
mies to spread a thousand reports (some true, but more false) 
to our great injury. They most industriously asserted to 
strangers who came down the river to Limestone, that the 
troops had left the place ; that the settlers who remain are 
starving ; that the settlement is given up by congress as of no 
moment to the United States ; that the Indians are in full ca- 
reer to cut us off; and sometimes they will have it that the 
tragedy is already performed. These are mortifying circum- 
stances to me, as I am obliged to admit that they have too 
much ground whereon to found such reports. Great numbers 
are hence discouraged from proceeding further down the river, 
and turn aside into Kentucky. From appearances, govern- 
ment is indeed' indifferent about our being supported. Major 
Wyllis at the falls of Ohio, in my opinion might, with much 
greater use to the United States, be stationed here with his 
command. "Was it of detriment to the public that eight boats, 
with great amount of property, and many lives, were sacrifi- 
ced by the Indians before this time last year, in the very pla- 
ces where our villages now stand. Has one boat been capti- 
vated this year ? No. Has any person on the river, within 
the limits of the purchase, been disturbed or injured ? Surely 
not. Is it not then worthy the attention of congress and gen- 
eral Knox, to make it a point to support us ? 

I have now a few observations, my dear sir, to make on the 
subject of the city business. I had the honor to receive from 
you the copy of a resolution whereby the proprietors had mu- 
tually bound themselves to build each an house in the city by 
the first of November next. This I was much pleased to see. 



PIONEER SKETCHES, 221 

But I wish you had proceeded, in your letter, to inform me 
how these buildings were to be eflected. The few carpenters 
who came out with me from Jersey are scattered in different 
parts of the country, and are mostly engaged for the season. 
But though there were a plenty of carpenters, unless some 
person come out from Jersey in order to superintend the busi- 
ness, this season will steal away and little or nothing will be 
done. As for me, I am directed by governor St. Clair, to hold 
myself in readiness to go with his excellency to Kaskaskia, 
which will take me from the purchase until late in the year : 
so that I fear I shall not have it in my power to build for my- 
self this season any thing better than cabins ; but with these I 
am comfortably provided already. Whenever workmen are 
sent out, let them make it a point to bring a sufficient quanti- 
ty of tools with them, as every article of that kind is exceed- 
ingly scarce here. I do myself the honor of enclosing you a 
map of your four sections on the Ohio, as nearly as I can, 
with a description of the land, which I have done on the map 
itself. As Mill creek discharges through your land into the 
Ohio, and a great part of the year is deep and difficult to pass, 
so that the traveler has been obliged, ever since last fall, to 
go several miles up the stream in order to ford it; I submit to 
you the propriety of sending out some persons to settle on 
each side of the creek's mouth, where the bank is most excel- 
lent both in point of soil and elevation : here, in a few years, 
will be a valuable ferry. If you cannot procure persons to 
come from Jersey to settle at the mouth of the creek, propose 
your terms and I will try to put some person thereon. You 
cannot at present calculate on the emoluments of a ferry, in 
these new setdements ; not a penny has yet been paid for 
crossing the Ohio, though many persons who come from, and 
go to, Kentucky are frequently passing. While I am men- 
tioning ferries, 1 beg leave to inform you that I have caused a 
road to be laid out from this place to Lexington, on a direct 
course through the woods ; the distance is about eighty miles : 
for this service I gave to captain Isaac Taylor one hundred 

t2 



222 PIONEER SKETCHES. 

acres of land in the reserved township: the price was rather 
high, but he did it in February when the weather was so cold 
that they all froze their feet, and had liked to have perished. 
I have it also in contemplation to employ a number of hands 
in the fall of the year, to lay out a road from the east end of 
the sixth range of townships in this purchase, on or near a 
due east course, across the Scioto country and Muskingum to 
Wheeling or Grave creek on the south-east side of the Ohio. 
This road, for the most part, will go through a level country, 
and save two hundred miles riding, it being so much nearer 
to Jersey than either of the routes through Kentucky and 
new Virginia. This work will be attended with considerable 
expense ; but when finished it will be of great use to the peo- 
ple inhabiting this purchase. 

I have transmitted, herewith, an exact copy of the list of 
certificates which I paid at the treasury of the United States, 
which will give you a sufficient clue to find the true sum of 
indents due every purchaser. There are several that are not 
to draw any indents, which I will point out hereafter, as they 
agreed to let me have the benefit of their facilities. I hope 
that doctor Downer, Mr. Stelle and Mr. Witham will not fail 
to make their stipulated payments in season, according to 
agreement. Mr. Matthias Denman, and Mr. Joseph Halsey, 
jr. assured me that they would make very considerable remit- 
tances to you for the lands which they elected while in this 
country ; they are to have lands in quantity according to the 
effect of their payments. Daniel Hunt, esquire, of Lebanon, 
Benjamin Vancleve, esquire, of Maidenhead, and a Mr. Na- 
thaniel Hunt, somewhere in Hunterdon, sent their obligations 
to me last fall, by captain Ralph Hunt, promising to see me 
paid at six shillings per acre, proc* in certificates, for all the 
lands which captain Ralph Hunt should locate, or take war- 
rants for. I enclose to you their obligations to me, together 
with the account of what Ralph Hunt contracted for ; these 

* Supposed, proclamation money. 



PIONEER SKETCHES. 223 

certificates, I expect, will be paid to you immediately by these 
gentlemen, as I know many people have bought a part of the 
land from them, and have actually made their payments to 
captain Hunt therefor ; though I fear it is in such property as 
will not avail them much in procuring the necessary certifi- 
cates : cattle, iron, and farms on the Monongahela, have made 
up the most of their remittances to captain Hunt. 

Captain John Stites Gano, in company with captain Benja- 
min Stites, and some others, have agreed to purchase the sev- 
enth range ; this may be the contents of two townships, or so 
much as they can raise the certificates wherewith to effect the 
payment of, at the rate of five-sixths of a dollar per acre, and 
office fees, by the first of July or August next : no allowance 
of interest to be made to them on their certificates after the 
first day of next month, (June,) nor can interest be allowed 
after that time to any purchaser, as I must pay interest on 
the residue of the purchase money after the second payment 
is made. 

No copy of the last contract with the treasury board has 
ever come to my hand, though I have long expected and been 
impatient to see it ; I conclude it was lost on the way, as se- 
veral of your favors have mentioned that you would speedily 
forward it. By this time, if I had it, I should know much 
better how to proceed in the business of sales, than I do at 
present. I therefore beg, sir, that you will be so good as to 
enclose me another copy of the contract. By the map of the 
purchase, it will be evident, that one million of acres, exclu- 
sive of the reserved sections, will extend near twice the dis- 
tance north-east into the country, that the first contract, or a 
continuation of the northern boundary line of the Ohio Com- 
pany, could have led us to. Penetrating the Indian country 
thus far, will not only exceed, and run over the limits drawn 
at the treaty by the Indian grant, or rather extinguishment, 
but it will carry us so far on towards Lake Erie, as to entangle 
us among the advanced Indian towns, and render it altogether 



224 PIONEER SKETCHES. 

impossible, for many years, either to survey, sell, or settle. 
But this subject I can better discuss after I see the subsisting 
contract. Certain it is, that the grounds whereon we stood, 
with regard to the geography of this purchase, have proved 
greatly imaginary. 

By captain Henry, I transmit to you a few certificates, a 
statement whereof attends them. I am quite at a loss how or 
when the second payment is to be made, or what measures 
are pre-requisite on either side. By my former contract, the 
United States were to survey the whole contents, and furnish 
a map of the whole to be delivered to me ; in one month after 
which, the second payment was to become due. But if you 
receive the certificates, or they are brought into the board, 
according to the several contracts that I have made with pur- 
chasers, I am content that they should be paid to the United 
States, upon condition that the honorable commissioners of 
the board will wave their restrictions, touching the limits of 
the purchase, and suffer it to extend flush to the banks of 
both the Miamis, from their several mouths to the rear of the 
purchase ; this prayer I think nothing unreasonable, and no 
more than what I hope their honors will readily comply with. 
I wish the just and fair thing may be done ; and it may easily 
be effected ; no bar can lie in the way unless that narrow bor- 
der of land on the Little Miami shall have been already sold ; 
in which case, save, if possible, captain Stites's ten thousand 
acres. As to the residue of the strip, I do not trouble myself 
about the matter ; for the poorest land in the whole purchase, 
I am told, lies bordering along not far from the Little Miami, 
between the Ohio and the military range. 

Sir, I beg leave to mention, that there are very considerable 
arrears of surveying and registering fees, which I beg you will 
endeavor to collect in specie, and with the money purchase 
certificates of the brokers, or elsewhere, where they may be 
had on the best terms. I have been obliged to make use of 
specie which I have taken in payment for land, in order to 



PIONEER SKETCHES. 225 

defray the expense of surveying, and wish to have the amount, 
if possible, replaced, with the arrears of surveying fees that are 
yet due in New Jersey. 

Colonel Shrieves was here a few days ago, and desired me 
to have his indents, when drawn, sold at the brokers, to the 
amount of his surveying and registering fees. If you have 
not received the whole of his certificates from Mr. John Phil- 
lips, you will please to write to him for them. If I remem- 
ber, colonel Shrieves told me he had paid Phillips the certifi- 
cates for eight sections. 

The office being opened at this place, it is to be recom- 
mended to the purchasers of Miami lands who have dis- 
charged the whole of the purchase money and office fees, to 
forward their warrants to the office for entry, that they may 
be the sooner ascertained by the extract of the record which 
shall be forwarded to them, where their several sections are 
situate. Many people apply to me to purchase one, two, or 
three of the ten acre lots round this village, but do not choose 
to take the whole hundred acres for the want of wherewith to 
pay. I beg, therefore, that the proprietors will honor me with 
instructions, whether I may sell a single ten acre lot or more 
of them to one man, when he does not take the whole hun- 
dred acres. If you conclude to suffer me to sell single ten 
acre lots, pray set the price, or authorize me to use my own dis- 
cretion. Ten acre lots are wanted around Southbend as well 
as Northbend. At present, the price I hold the hundred acres 
at is two dollars per acre. I think the ten acre lots will bear ten 
shillings an acre, in specie, on an average, sold by themselves. 

In some of my preceding sheets, I mentioned that I should 
send you a very correct map of the purchase as high as sur- 
veyed ; this I had employed captain John Stites Gano, who 
professes to possess the double acquirement of surveyor 
and limner, about six or eight weeks ago, to draw ; but Mr. 
Gano called on me lately to inform me that he had not, 
nor could he finish, the map for some time, but would take 
the material parts and lines, with a copy of the field notes, 



PIONEER SKETCHES. 

with him to New York, to which city he was directly going, 
and would there finish the map and present it to you in my 
name. It is my desire that the map drawn by Mr. Gano, 
when finished, may be presented to the honorable the com- 
missioners of the treasury board, for their remarks ; and then, 
if you think proper, I beg', sir, that you will lay it on the 
table, in the office of the secretary of congress, for the perusal 
of his excellency the president, and the honorable members 
of the senate and house of representatives. But, in the mean 
time, while Mr. Gano is preparing this, that you may not be 
uninformed of the boundaries and extent of the purchase as 
high as the two Miamis are traversed, I forward a rough map 
of the whole, which I have had drawn in my office, nearly 
exact as to contents and meanders of the three large rivers, 
but in which we have not attempted to lay down the smaller 
streams of water, (only at their mouths,) which are interspers- 
ed and spread most beautifully through the purchase; this, 
with the hills, we had not time to attend to, and Mr. Gano is 
to do it, which renders it unnecessary for me. Be pleased to 
spread all the maps which I transmit, (Mr. Gano's and that 
of your own land excepted,) before the board of proprietors 
of the reserved townships, that every gentleman may have a 
just idea of the geography of the country. On this general 
map 1 have made those remarks which I intended to have 
made on a map of the reserved township only, which I had 
proposed to send. 

I have inclosed, sir, some military claims of Mr. Abraham 
Drake, which I shall be much obliged to you to gain admis- 
sion for, with general Knox. Mr. Drake applied to me in 
Jersey, to have these admitted. I encouraged him ; but he 
neglected at that time to hand them forward, and came out 
to this country early in the spring of 1788. Many other ap- 
plications have been made to me by military gentlemen ; but 
I have uniformly rejected them. I presume that there are 
numbers who have applied, previous to my leaving New 
York, almost sufficient to cover the military range ; though 



PIONEER SKETCHES. 227 

that, to be sure, has more land in it than any range in the 
purchase. 

I have inclosed you a list of the certificates paid last year 
at the treasury, and a list of a few certificates which I trans- 
mit by Mr. Henry, to be by you paid forward with others, at 
the second payment. You will observe, in the same list, a 
statement of three certificates, — one of colonel Dunham's, 
which I had of Mr. Elias Boudinot, which I beg you will 
speak to him about; it would not pass at the treasury, for 
want of liquidation : I beg you will see that it is either liqui- 
dated and paid forward, or that Mr. Boudinot takes it back 
and credits me the amount on my note to him for borrowed 
certificates ; the other two are Nourse's, and must be transfer- 
red at the register's office, or returned to the first proprietors, 
and by them credited to me, or exchanged for good ones. 

Thus far had I written, when a soldier came running to my 
house, on the 25th of May, informing me, that Mr. Luce de- 
sired me to come immediately up to the block-house, which 
is about two hundred yards from mine, and assist him in 
dressing the wounded men, for that the Indians had fired on 
the boat. I ran up, and found one soldier by the name of 
Runyan, from Jersey, lying dead on the bank, and six others, 
two citizens, wounded. I then apprehended that Mr. John 
Mills and soldier Gray were mortally wounded, but Mr. Mills 
is now in a fair way of recovery ; Gray is gone with the other 
wounded soldiers to the garrison at the falls, where they have a 
surgeon, and I have not heard from any of them since. I have 
already wrote to you twice since the misfortune of the 21st, 
and I expect that major Wyllys will deliver one or both the 
letters in which I have given you an account of the accident. 
It is now the 5th of June, and from the 21st of May to this 
day, we have had no further disturbance from the Indians, 
though our people have not been up the river to work at South- 
bend since that day. Indeed our village has been favored with 
room plenty for us since that time, as at least fifty souls fled 
away that day and the next, expecting every moment that the 



228 PIONEER SKETCHES. 

place would be attacked by the Indians. Colonel Shrieves 
has returned from Mississipi, and makes no very favorable 
report of colonel Morgan's conduct or country ; which, I be- 
lieve, you will see stated fully in the newspapers, at least col- 
onel Shrieves assured me that he would do it, that no more 
ignorant people might be deluded by Mr. Morgan. A few 
days before Mr. Luce was fired on, a number of prisoners- 
squaws and Indian boys — were brought to this place by col- 
onel Patterson and a party of the Lexington light horse, being 
sent by the authority of Kentucky to the commanding officer 
of the garrison here, with the request that they might be, by 
some means or other, forwarded to the Indian towns, or turned 
at liberty into the woods to find their way home or starve, 
which ever might happen. One of the Indians who went down 
last winter with colonel Morgan, happening at this juncture to 
return with colonel Shrieves, he was prevailed on to stop here 
and prepare for a trip to the Indian towns, to inform the Shaw- 
anese that their women and children, ten in number, were 
here ready for exchange, if they would come and bring in their 
white prisoners for the purpose. These matters I stated in a 
letter addressed to the Shawanese chiefs, one of whom had 
spent some time witli me last winter; and to give a better 
countenance to the message, and show to demonstration that 
we meant to be on friendly terms with them, if they would be 
peaceable with us, I proposed sending a young white man 
along with the Indian to the towns ; several of my young citi- 
zens offered to go, but I thought Isaac Freeman, a young man 
whose father lives near Quibble Town, as proper a person as 
any I had; both from his approved courage and activity, and a 
certain manner of address which is pleasing to the Indians. 
But as Mr. Freeman could speak no Indian, and the Indian 
could speak no English, a third person became necessary to 
serve as an interpreter ; to supply which I sent along with them 
the oldest Indian boy, about fifteen years of age, who retained 
well his mother tongue, yet spoke very good English, which 
he had acquired while a prisoner in Kentucky. The three 



PIONEER SKETCHES, 229 

set out from Northbend with twenty days' provisions and a 
pack-horse, one rifle, and plenty of ammunition, though the 
Indian informed me, by one of the squaws — who is in fact a 
white woman, but has lived long among the Shawanese — that 
they should be at the Indian towns in eight days, if they had 
good weather and met with no bad luck on their journey. 
One reason why I wished to avail myself of this opportunity 
of sending a white man to the Indian towns, was that I might 
gain some information on his return, if he lives to come back, 
with regard to the quality of the country between the Miamis, 
and above the place where any have already explored ; for this 
purpose I directed him to go out and come in between the two 
Miami rivers. And should we hereafter find it necessary to 
invade their country, the United States will, in this case, have 
a good guide to their army, who will be able to point out the 
most eligible way that leads to the Indian towns, and what 
Indians are the hostile ones. Freeman's going to the Shaw- 
anese will reduce to certainty whether they mean to be our 
friends or enemies ; and I think that putting the worst, they 
will only sell him to the English traders as they do other pris- 
oners, for it is not probable that they will put him to death, 
as they had none killed in captivating of him, and especially, 
as we have so many of their women and children now in our 
power. 

June the 14th. Dear sir — Though it is now more than 
two weeks since major Wyllys passed me on his way up the 
river, and was so good as to promise to use his utmost en- 
deavor with general Harmer for the procuring of some troops 
for these settlements, which I expected before this time, yet 
none have arrived; we have, therefore, began to build our- 
selves a stockade for fear of the worst. Should the Indians 
prove hostile, or should the Indians come in with Mr. Free- 
man, for their friends with us, if we remain then as defence- 
less as now, I fear our weakness may tempt them to make 
war upon us. But there is another benefit I promise myself 
from a good large stockade : this is, that it will embolden many 

U 



330 PIONEER SKETCHES. 

a citizen to settle in this town, whose nerves woiikl not bear 
the thoughts of sleeping out of a fort. Had we have had a 
good stockade on the 21st ultimo, I do not believe that half so 
many, if any, indeed, would have fled the place. This work 
captain Kearsey, with his forty-five men, should have done ; 
but he did nothing. Mr. Luce has a small block-house, yet 
large enough for the few troops with him, but this is all, not a 
citizen can be admitted in case of an attack. The citizens 
must provide for their own defence, which is peculiarly hard 
on them, to be obliged to leave their corn planting and clear- 
ing, — ^late in the season as it is, — in order to make some place 
where they may deposit their wives and children in safety, 
while themselves rest from the hard labor of the day. I have 
enclosed to Mr. Marsh a sketch of the ten acre lots, which he 
will put in your hands ; by it you may see where yours, as a 
purchaser, falls ; your lot is strong land, more fit for mowing or 
pasture than plowing, by reason of hills, for they are more or 
less hilly. One remark I have hitherto omitted, viz : it is ex- 
pected, that on the arrival of governor St. Clair, this purchase 
will be organized into a county ; it is therefore of some moment 
which town shall be made the county town. Losantiville, at 
present, bids the fairest ; it is a most excellent site for a large 
town, and is at present the most central of any of the inhabit- 
ed towns ; but if Southbend might be finished and occupied, 
that would be exactly in the centre, and probably would take 
the lead of the present villages until the city can be made 
somewhat considerable. This is really a matter of importance 
to the proprietors, but can only be achieved by their exertions 
and encouragements. The lands back of Southbend are not 
very much broken, after you ascend the first hill, and will af- 
ford rich supplies for a county town. A few troops stationed 
at Southbend will efi'ect the settlement of this new village in a 
very short time. 

June the 15th, 1789. An express has very lately been 
dispatched to general Harmer from major Hamtramck, at Post 
Vincennes, that great hostilities are committed by the Indians 



PIONEER SKETCHES. 231 

on the Wabash, many boats are taken and numbers of people 
killed. The major mentions in a letter to Mr. Luce, that the 
Miami and Wabash Indians are determined to attack the set- 
tlements in this purchase in the course of the summer. This 
news arrived last night. We are very defenceless, and know 
not of any troops coming to our assistance. Captain Henry 
sets out in the morning, and with him goes to Louisville six- 
teen or eighteen men, who do not expect to be here again till 
fall. 

I have the honor to be, with every sentiment of esteem, 
dear sir, your most obedient servant, 

JOHN CLEYES SYMMES. 

Hon. Captain Dayton. 

A relic of the past. 

I have just had the opportunity of making an interesting ac- 
quaintance. Mr. Samuel Abbey, who belonged as sergeant to 
the detachment of United States troops under the command 
of major Doughty, by whose labors Fort Washington was 
built; in the year 1789, arrived in this city on Saturday night, 
February 27th, last. 

He had left Cincinnati, being discharged from the service, 
after Harmer's defeat, in 1790, had returned to New England 
where his friends resided, and never seen this place since. 
What his feelings were on beholding, by the light of the next 
morning, this queenly city, may be more readily imagined 
than described. He had left it a litde group of log houses, 
and perhaps fifty souls : he returned after the lapse of fifty 
years, to behold it a splendid city of fifty thousand inhabit- 
ants. He had left a community in which he knew the face 
and the name of every individual : he now returned to behold 
such change in the population, as to find strangers all around 
him, and, with here and there an exception, in some four or five 
survivors, all his contemporaries departed from the scene of 
their early dangers and toils. 

After finding a resting place in the city, under the roof of 
the son of one of his early associates, and recruiting his 



232 PIONEER SKETCHES. 

Strength for a ramble over the city, on Monday morning he 
set out to ascertain, if possible, amidst all that had defaced the 
original landmarks of the town he had left, the localities of such 
objects as were naturally of most interest to him. Of these 
Fort AVashington, as a thing of course, was one. After at- 
tempting, to no purpose, while in the neighborhood it once 
occupied, to determine its actual site, he made his way once 
more to the public landing, where, after taking an observation 
of the mouth of Licking and the direction of the sun, almost 
the only objects which his eye might rest on that he had ever 
seen before — " Now," said he, " I will show you the place ; " 
and starting up Broadway as far as Third street, he turned, 
and after reaching the point where that street alters its angle 
northwardly, and glancing a minute around him, at that exact 
spot he set his foot down with emphasis and observed : " Here 
is the very spot where stood the. flag-staff.^'' 

Mr. Abbey is seventy-four years of age, of considerable vig- 
or, both of mind and body ; and as a link connecting the past 
with the present, an uncommon object of interest to those, 
who, while they contemplate with gratification the rapid ad- 
vance of our prosperity, feel deeply what a debt of respect, 
gratitude, and sympathy, they owe the ^^ early pioneers.''^ 



CENSUS SKETCHES. 



Under this head, I propose to present to the community 
such facts as I have ascertained from notice or enquiry, while 
engaged in taking the late official enumeration of persons in 
Cincinnati, together with the various statistics I was directed 
to collect. These differ in their nature from those which have 
been already put to press, in the first section of " Cincinnati 
in 1841," in these respects, — 

1st. They are the fruits of my own personal observations 
or scrutiny, and, with few exceptions, are now published for 
the first time. 

2nd. They are designed to embrace those details of sub- 
jects, and present those individual opinions and views, which 
the statistical character of the earlier part of the publication 
forbade ; and, 

3rd. The excursive and miscellaneous character of this de- 
partment, affords an opportunity of imparting more variety 
and interest to subjects, and comprehends many things, which 
a more formal arrangement would exclude as too unimportant 
to form items in these page-s. 

I commenced my labors, under the authority of the marshal 
of the district of Ohio, on the first day of June last, as direct- 
ed by law, and was occupied in taking the census just five 
months. Many things fell under my notice, which appeared 
to be of sufficient interest to others for me to commit to the 
daily press, and as intervals of leisure permitted, I reported 
them, from time to time, through the columns of the Gazette, 
Chronicle and Journal of this city. These articles have been 
u 2 233 



234 CENSUS SKETCHES. 

very extensively republished in newspapers abroad, and ap- 
pear to have excited a degree of interest elsewhere, hardly in- 
ferior to that felt in them at home. Of these, such incidents 
and views as are not of local or temporary consequence, I 
have incorporated into these pages, under appropriate heads. 

The growth and improvement of this city have been so 
rapid and so recent, as to outstrip the expectations of most 
persons who visit it for the first time, even of those who had 
formed high anticipations of its importance. There are, there- 
fore, few places in the United States which more favorably 
impress a stranger who reaches it by water — the usual ave- 
nue — than Cincinnati. His eye glances upon that superb 
quay — our public landing, a space of ten acres, nearly, and a 
front of almost one thousand feet — with which our eastern ci- 
ties have nothing of the kind to compare, in beauty and con- 
venience. He surveys it, along its Avhole front, encumbered 
with packages of every description and to an immense amount 
►—the foreign imports, or the domestic produce of the valley 
of the Miamis — concentrating constantly at this point. The 
hurried arrival and departure, singly and in squads, of a whole 
battalion of drays ; the unremitting and active labors of hands, 
loading and unloading the vessels in port; the incessant ring- 
ing of bells, as signals to passengers or the crews of the boats ; 
the brief and abrupt interchange of business among the clerks 
on board, and those belonging to the mercantile houses of the 
city ; with a great variety of sights and sounds of subordinate 
interest, forcibly — perhaps unduly — impress the mind of a 
stranger, by the value set upon time, and the constant exercise 
of industry around him, as a fact, that he has landed at a place 
where business is carried on upon a large scale, and among a 
people, who have neither the leisure nor the disposition to 
be idle. 

After attendinor to his baoraao-e, and securing his lodginors 
and his dinner, the traveler sallies out, and, in the first place, 
traverses the business section of the city, and having thus far 
reconnoitered it, extends his rambles over the region of dwel- 



CENSUS SKETCHES. 235 

ling-houses and public buildiiifrs. If he has an intelligent 
guide, he is taken along the line of Broadway to Fourth, and 
after casting his eye eastwardly to its termination, along a row 
of modern palaces, he directs his steps westwardly the whole 
course of that delightful street, as far as he finds time, or pos- 
sesses habits of walking to pursue it. He cannot fail to no- 
tice the broad, well paved and thoroughly ventilated streets ; 
the number, variety and beauty of the public buildings ; tlie 
taste and spirit which leave spaces between the private edifi- 
ces for borders and sidewalks, and furnish an avenue to behold 
the garden attractions in the rear of the houses ; the verdure 
of the grass plats, and fragrance of the shrubbery which dec- 
orate the front of the dwellings, and the exhibition of flower 
vases in the windows of those who have no space except the 
rear of their buildings to cultivate. He will then mature the 
first judgment he formed, and say to himself, or to his travel- 
ing companion, — " These people have taste to improve and 
spirit to enjoy, as well as industry to acquire." 

But if he possess that purer feeling which combines moral 
associations with the triumphs of art and industry, let him ex- 
tend his walks to the suburbs, particularly to the north and 
west. There he will witness sources of enjoyment, inde- 
pendent of fashion or wealth. Dwellings wliose occupation 
is within the reach of the most moderate circumstances, on 
which the eye can rest with delight, for it realises the convic- 
tion, that the domestic enjoyments are there; that neatness 
and order are the tutelary goiii of the place ; and that in these 
walls dwells the middle class — every where the bone and sin- 
ew of society. In this district he will find, on enquiry, that 
almost every man owns the house he occupies, and is thereby 
furnished with the strongest incentive cheerfully to contribute 
his share to public and private improvement. 

Let the stranger, of whom I have spoken, next visit our 
workshops, and notice the extent and variety of manufactures 
carried on, and he will no lono^er wonder at the manifestations 
of improvement which meet him on every side ; for he will 



236 CENSUS SKETCHES. 

discern at once, that this single element of wealth is sufficient 
alone to account for the prosperity of Cincinnati. And lastly, 
let him contemplate the range and extent of the facilities in our 
city for the pursuit of knowledge, either in existence or in 
progress, from the district school to the medical or law col- 
lege and theological seminary, and include the systematic and 
thorough courses of lectures on art and science, which occupy 
the evenings of the week ; and thus observe the preparation 
making here to constitute Cincinnati the great fountain of 
knowledge to the whole west; — that west which, in a few 
years, will give tone and laws to our great republic, and he 
will say, "These people are building for ages to come, not 
less than for themselves ; I rejoice in their prosperity, for they 
are the trustees of the future destinies of our great republic." 
I have, for the sake of illustrating my subject, supposed the 
case of a visitor extending his survey over our city, and form- 
ing such judgment upon it, as it would merit at the hands of 
of an intelligent observer. But a mere visit would afford 
neither sufficient knowledge of our localities, nor access to our 
factories, nor time to examine what might be seen. To supply 
this deficiency, as far as I am capable, is the object of these 
sketches. 

Mamifactyres. 

Few, even of our own citizens, are aware of the extent and 
importance of the manufacturing interest in Cincinnati. Its 
operations have grown up so silently and gradually, extend- 
ing, in the course of twenty years, the workshop of the me- 
chanic with his two or three apprentices, to a factory with 
from thirty to fifty hands ; and adding constantly, without par- 
ade, some new branch of industry to those already existing, 
that we do not appreciate or notice their progress. 

It is not within my power, if I possessed the ability — re- 
stricted to the narrow limits of my remaining pages — to do 
justice to this industrial department, decidedly our heaviest 
interest, in a pecuniary and political sense, and inferior to few 
others, in a moral one. I propose merely to supply a few 



CENSUS SKETCHES. 237 

specimens of the progress of the mechanic arts, and exhibit 
some views, perhaps new to the community, of their magni- 
tude and value. These are derived, I need hardly repeat, from 
personal observation. 

If our own community, as I suppose it to be, is ignorant, 
in a great measure, of our manufacturing resources and ener- 
gies, it will be naturally expected that a stranger — the mere 
visiter — should undervalue their importance. Take the case 
of the traveler, who, setting out from Philadelphia or New 
York, crosses the AUeghenies for the first time, and observe 
the different impressions made on his mind, on this subject, 
at different places. He approaches Pittsburg. A dense cloud 
of darkness and smoke, visible for some distance before he 
reaches it, hides the city from his eyes until he is in its midst; 
and yet, perhaps half this volume is furnished by household 
fires, coal being the only fuel of the place. As he enters the 
manufacturing region, the hissing of steam, the clanking of 
chains, the jarring and grinding of wheels and other machine- 
ry, and the glow of melted glass and iron, and burning coal 
beneath, burst upon his eyes and ears in concentrated force. 
If he visits the warehouses, he finds glass, cotton yarns, iron, 
nails, castings, and machinery, occupying a prominent place. 
He discovers the whole city under the influence of steam and 
smoke. The surface of the houses and streets are so disco- 
lored as to defy the cleansing power of water, and the dwel- 
lings are preserved in any degree of neatness, only by the un- 
remitting labors of their tenants, in morning and evening ablu- 
tions. The very soot partakes of the bituminous character of 
the coal, and falling — color excepted — ^like snow-flakes, fast- 
ens on the face and neck, with a tenacity which nothing but 
the united agency of soap, hot water, and the towel can over- 
come. Coal and the steam-engine are the pervading influence 
of the place, and over the whole city the seal and impress is — 
" Great is Vulcan of the Pittsburgers." 

I say not this in disparagement of the place, or its inhabit- 
ants. It is, in industry, a perfect hive — and without drones. 



238 CENSUS SKETCHES. 

Even Cincinnati, in this respect, is not more remarkable. It 
is a region of profound and extensive moral and religious in- 
fluence. I speak but of what every visiter knows to be true, 
and what the citizens of the place regret, as the tax they must 
pay for the prosperity and importance of their city, and I refer 
to these things merely to show their effect in biasing the judg- 
ment of the traveler in his estimate of the magnitude of its 
manufacturing interest*^ predominant over every thing else 
there — as it appears to his eye. 

How different is all this from Cincinnati. Our manufac- 
turing establishments, with the exception of a few, requiring 
in their nature to be carried on conveniently to the river, and 
which, therefore, must be driven by steam, are either set in 
motion by the water of the canal, or are, in the literal sense, 
manufactures — ivorks of the hand. These last embrace the 
principal share of the productive industry of our mechanics, 
and are carried on in the upper stories, or in the rear shops 
of the warerooms, in which they are exposed for sale, in a 
variety and to an extent which can only be realised from a 
visit to the interior of those establishments. All these are, 
therefore, to a great extent, out of sight. 

Let the same traveler, then, after forming his estimate of 
Pittsburg, visit Cincinnati also, and explore our streets ; and 
unless he has been taken through the factories to which I re- 
fer, he must inevitably come to the conclusion that our manu- 
facturing operations are, in importance, far inferior to those of 
Pittsburg. 

I am aware that the advantages and facilities of Pittsburg, 
for manufacturing, are very great. Its position— at the head 
of the navigation of the Ohio river, and the terminating point 
westward of the great Pennsylvania canal, the Allegheny and 
Monongahela rivers furnishing cheap transportation to many 
valuable raw^ materials, coal in beds nearly inexhaustible, and 
almost within the corporate limits of the city — is certainly ad- 
vantageous. But most of these circumstances contribute rather 
to its commerce and carrying trade than to its manufacturing 



CENSUS SKETCHES. 239 

interest, and are outweighed, as advantages, by the gi*eater 
contiguity and facility of access of Cincinnati to the great 
markets of the west and south-west, and the superior fertility 
of the soil in these regions ; the increased production and con- 
sequent cheapness of the means of subsistence, here, lessen- 
ing, in the same proportion, the cost of manufacture. Inde- 
pendently of foreign demand, we have an extensive domestic 
market, stretching from the Muskingum to the Wabash, and 
from the Ohio to the lakes, whose population — continually in- 
creasing — even now forms the largest share of our customers. 
I have no means of ascertaining the annual value of the 
manufactures of that city, or of furnishing a comparative table 
of the manufactures of the two places, for articles are made 
here, to a great extent, which are not made in Pittsburg at 
all, and there, which are not made at Cincinnati. There is, 
however, before me a table, published lately, and which ap- 
pears to be prepared from the returns made under the late na- 
tional census, which supplies the following articles : 

Manufacture of iron, nails, and castings 6,877,880 

Glass, wool, cotton, leather, hats, &c. .... 1,876,528 
Drugs, paints, liquors, cordage, steamboats, &;c. 486,585 
Furniture, hardware, machinery, ploughs, &c. 1,147,850 
Mineral coal 465,542 

Total 10,874,385 

Any one may compare this table with the details and aggre- 
gate of our manufacturing industry, here given, (pages 54 to 
58,) and form his own conclusions. It is but just to add, that a 
highly intelligent merchant of Pittsburg, to whom I submitted 
my statistics, suggested the opinion, that many items were defi- 
cient in the Pittsburg returns ; the deputy marshal being, in a 
great measure, a stranger to the citizens, and from his regular 
employment— 'the medical profession — a stranger also to their 
manufacturing business ; and added, that, from these causes, he 
had not enjoyed the advantages which were within my reach, as 
a long-resident here, and fully known to the whole community. 



240 CENSUS SKETCHES. 

Whatever allowance may be made on this, or any other 
bcore, there is one fact which appears to me conclusive on 
this point, to wit : that the number of persons engaged in me- 
chanical and manufacturing employments with us, is in pro- 
portion to those of corresponding pursuits at Pittsburg, fully 
as two to one. 

As I said before, I have no disposition to undervalue the 
importance of Pittsburg. Its statistics of eleven millions of 
manufactured products, is creditable to the industry and the 
resources of that place ; and a city which can furnish, at this 
period of its existence, such an exhibit, must always be a 
point of the highest manufacturing consequence. 

I do not propose to present the public with all, or even a 
great part, of what I deem interesting and important, on the 
subject of manufactures. I saw much which was new to me, 
and, doubtless, would have that appearance to others, in every 
section of the city, in this department of business. I greatly 
desire to spread it all before the public, for, if I do not much 
mistake, there is nearly the same unconsciousness of the 
mighty energies of this element of our prosperity, in this ci- 
ty, as outside its boundaries. But the limits I have prescribed 
to myself, forbid this at present. If I shall succeed in awak- 
ening public attention, by the impressive statistics furnished 
in the first department of this work, and the sketches I pro- 
pose now to give, of some of the operations and products of 
our factories, I may hereafter furnish a systematic view, not 
merely of the statistics, but of the details of our manufactures 
and industrial products. The table I have alluded to will sup- 
ply abundant food for thought, but there is much to be seen 
and heard in a visit to our factories, which figures cannot 
express. 

I take my examples promiscuously, and the description of 
manufactures adduced, is selected rather because we are not 
so familiar with it, than that it is of more importance than 
some others which are left out. 

Let me begin, then, with the bell and brass founderies, of 



CENSUS SKETCHES 



241 



which we have eight. For the sake of distinctness, and by 
way of illustration, I will take a single item of their various 
business — that of bells. 

There is no better proof of the excellence of this article, 
than that Cincinnati supplies the whole valley of the Ohio 
and Mississipi, with bells of all sizes, and of every use. Or- 
ders are constantly in fulfilment here, that are received from 
every point at the west, as far as Detroit to the north, and 
Pennsylvania, beyond Pittsburg, to the east ; and the reason 
why we are able to send bells to the very doors, as it were, 
of our rivals — Pittsburg, for example — is, that it is seen and 
felt there, that we make a better article. The superiority of 
the Cincinnati manufacture, consists in four particulars. 

1. The bells cast here are finished: that is to say, they are 
mounted on a stand or frame, ready for setting up. Of course 
all the iron work connected with the bells is completed before 
they are sent off. 

2. No other western bells are so accurately proportioned 
in their ingredients. This attribute is tested in the use of the 
bell, which, if defective in this respect, soon splits. 

3. To every large bell made here, there are springs, by the 
action of which, the tongue cannot touch the bell until it re- 
ceives a full and distinct stroke on the upper side. This ob- 
viates all that irregular motion and sound, which is the result 
of the ordinary construction of bells. The credit of this in- 
vention, alike ingenious and simple, belongs to one of our 
Cincinnati mechanics. 

4. The hanging or mounting of our bells, is also peculiar 
to Cincinnati. Those made in our eastern cities are designed 
to be hung upon a huge, straight piece of timber, as a shaft, 
which moves with every stroke of the bell. Not only do our 
mechanics dispense with such cumbrous machinery, by the 
use of iron, but, by accommodating the shape of the yoke to 
that of the bell, the journals are brought so far down, that 
bells can be hung on this principle, without exacting that 
weight and thickness of masonry in cupolas or belfries, which, 

V 



242 CENSUS SKETCHES. 

on the old plan, has been a source of expense, insecurity and 
disadvantage, on other accounts, for years past. 

The last two features of our superiority, refer to the sound 
of the bells and the safety of the steeple ; the first two, to 
guarding the bell from the danger of cracking, common to all 
other bells. When eastern bells, which in some respects are 
as good as ours, are sent out they are never ironed, and the 
consequence is, that the iron work being made at its place of 
destination and there connected with the bell, there is constant 
danger of fracture from various causes, some of which are in- 
dependent of the skill and care of the mechanic who furnishes 
the iron. 

Besides the additional cost of transportation, the constant 
exposure to accident, which every additional transhipment or 
change of conveyance increases, renders it a disadvantage to 
import bells from the Atlantic cities. Until the business was 
brought here to the perfection in which it now exists, constant 
and vexatious inconvenience, delay, and expense was felt in 
the west from this source. Of the work done in this line and 
put up in tliis city at one of the founderies, besides a great 
variety in size and object of others, was the bell to the Third 
Presbyterian church, weighing fourteen hundred pounds. Its 
proprietor has also made and sent off within the last eighteen 
months, one of fifteen hundred pounds for one of the churches 
at Lexington, Kentucky, and one to Brownsville, beyond Pitts- 
burgh, Pennsylvania, of five hundred pounds ; besides a num- 
ber varying from three hundred to one thousand pounds to va- 
rious sections of the west. He is now finishing one for Madi- 
son, Indiana, which will weigh upwards of fifteen hundred 
pounds. This establishment turned out work in this line du- 
ring the last year to the value of thirteen thousand dollars. 

It may be added here"— by way of specimen of the annoy- 
ances and inconveniences which the west has had, until of late 
years, to sustain in supplying itself with this article — that I 
saw lying in this establishment a very large bell from Boston, 
which had been sent out to replace one that cracked a few 



CENSUS SKETCHES. 243 

weeks after it was set up, and which shared the fate of its pre- 
decessor in about the same space of time, and was then dis- 
posed of as old metal at this foundery, in part payment for one 
ordered there. This they felt they might purchase, with some 
degree of confidence that it would stand, when they ascertain- 
ed that out of hundreds made in this establishment, during the 
last five years, not one has ever given way. 

Two years since, the proprietor of this foundery finding the 
supply of old copper and brass inadequate to his wants, im- 
ported from Liverpool a supply of about ten thousand pounds 
of pig-copper, by way of experiment. On trial, however, this 
article was found to retain a foreign ingredient which rendered 
it unfit for service, until that alloy could be separated from the 
mass. This operation being out the regular line of business, 
the owner of the establishment was, for a time, fruitlessly em- 
ployed in efforts to refine it, and exposed to some degree of 
ridicule and threatened loss. The skill and science of our pro- 
fessor of chemistry in the Medical College of Ohio extricated 
him, however, from the difi[iculty ; the foreign substance was 
discharged, a fine body of pure metal run off, and more than a 
thousand dollars profit resulted from the adventure. I cite 
this as a proof of the value of men of science, too often, in 
communities, considered mere theorists. 

One fact more. I have lying on the table before me a let- 
ter from George Evans, as agent of the Pittsburg steam en- 
gine company, dated Pittsburg, 1815, in reply to one from 
this city ordering a bell, in which he says, it will be cast and 
forwarded without unnecessary delay ; but that at the time he 
writes, " there is not brass enough in the place to make it.^* 
I have seen the bell, which may reach in weight three hundred 
pounds ; it is the same which calls our citizens to meetings in 
the college edifice. The whole community here will agree 
with me, that it is incomparably the meanest bell in the place, 
and but for the various changes and embarrassments of that 
institution, Avould have long since been laid aside. 

I have said nothing of the beauty and melody of the article 



244 CENSUS SKETCHES. 

made here, although in bells, as in belles , these have their full 
influence. There can be no doubt that we should not have 
been able to supercede the eastern manufacture, if those made 
in Cincinnati had not equaled them in finish, in power, and 
in sweetness of tone. 

I suppose it will surprise our friends in the Atlantic cities, to 
learn that we have not merely a factory for making philosoph- 
ical and mathematical instruments, but ybz^r establishments of 
the kind. To show them what we can contribute to the ad- 
vancement of science, I annex a list of instruments made of 
the best materials, which can be furnished at the shortest no- 
tice, separately or in sets, for the use of professional men and 
scientific associations : — 

Mechanics, — A complete set of mechanical powers, well 
finished. 

Pneumatics, Hydrostatics, and Hydraulics combined. — A 
very superior double cylinder air pump, for exhausting and 
condensing, with a large receiver ; air chamber with revolving 
jet, cup and parchment, vanes, fountain in vacuo, bell in vacuo, 
hand glass, hemispherical cups, syphon, lifting pump, forcing 
pump, hydrostatic bellows, hydrometer, equilibrium article. 

Optics. — A set of beautiful models of the human eye, in 
three parts — Prism, concave and convex mirrors. 
• Acoustics. — A set of models of the ear. 

Astronomy. — Orrery, tellurian or seasons machine, tide dial 
and twelve inch globes, in pairs. 

Electricity. — A large and beautiful machine, ley den jar, 
chains, jointed discharger, battery, insulating stool, plates for 
dancing images, electrical saw-mill, chime of bells, thunder 
house, electrical sportsman and birds, miser plate, electrical 
tellurian, and spiral tube. 

Galvanism. — A galvanic battery of one hundred pairs. 

Magnetism. — Horseshoe magnets, in pairs, large. 

Chemistry. — Pneumatic cistern made of zinc, compoimd 
blow-pipe, single blow-pipe, lamp and retort stands, iron re- 
torts, glass retorts, glass receivers, mattresses, bell glasses, 



CENSUS SKETCHES. 245 

evaporating dishes, alembic, dropping tube, florence flasks, set 
of crucibles, table furnace, pyrometer, gas bag, gas conduct- 
or, gas pistol, set of tin reflectors on stands, small cannon, 
hydrogen apparatus, spirit lamp, thermometer, bottles, ground 
stoppers, test tubes. 

I will now turn to our iron fonnderies. This, it is well 
known, is a very heavy interest, and, with the finishing shops 
connected therewith, has kept pace with that general superi- 
ority which marks the manufactures of the place. I have on- 
ly room and time, at present, to speak of one branch of this 
business, which is selected only because its later establishment 
renders it less familiar to the community. The proprietors 
of a foundery to which I now refer, had been largely engaged 
in business, as dealers in stoves and light castings, particular- 
ly that small ware which is connected with cooking-stoves. 
At this period they were manufacturers of the tin and copper 
equipments of the stoves only, together with the necessary 
pipe. In the spring of 1837, one of the partners, on a visit 
east to make his regular purchases, had his attention directed 
to the great superiority of the light and smooth stoves, hollow 
ware and small castings of the New York market, over the 
heavy and rough corresponding articles made in the west. 
On enquiry, he found the difference ascribed to the raw mate- 
rial, which, in the eastern founderies, was Scotch pig-iron of 
the best kind, mixed with American, in about equal propor- 
tions. The manufacturers in New York asserted confidently 
that the American metal alone could not make fine castings, 
being of bad color, rough and brittle. They had tried it tho- 
roughly, and were convinced it would never do for light, 
smooth and delicate articles. He bought some eight to ten 
tons of this ware, to introduce it into this market, in the ex- 
pectation that it would act as a stimulus to those engaged in 
the manufacture of this kind of ware. A sensible improve- 
ment was eflfected, but not to a degree which satisfied the 
owners of this concern, who, finding they could not procure 
here exactly the article they wanted, nor depend with certain- 
v3 



246 CENSUS SKETCHES. 

ty on supplies from the east, decided to go into the manufac- 
ture of this particular kind of ware. They accordingly en- 
gaged in New York, as manager for their projected establish- 
ment, an individual of tried ability and experience, and by 
means of his energy and perseverance, and the services of 
eastern moulders accustomed to this kind of work, the enter- 
prise has been crowned with complete success. 

Their first lot of hollow ware and stoves was made from 
the necessary supply of the Scotch iron ; but having, by way 
of experiment, and under the impression it would answer ev 
ery purpose, resorted to the finer qualities of the pig-iron 
made, under what is termed the hot blast process, in Lawrence 
county, Ohio, they have had the satisfaction of turning out, and 
continue to make, an article equal in smoothness to the eastern 
castings, of the same silver-gray color, but of greater strength 
and of a malleability which has no equal in any castings made 
elsewhere. The proprietors of this establishment are persua- 
ded, that the pig-iron of the Scioto region — Lawrence county, 
especially, — made by the hot blast, is unrivalled in its adapta- 
tion to this particular purpose, and they suppose that the total 
failure with American pig-iron, eastward, arises from the em- 
ployment of anthracite, the only description of coal within 
their reach, while here, coke made from bituminous coal, is 
resorted to, alone. 

An eastern man, walking with a friend by. the door of this 
warehouse, where these stoves, &c. are kept, called his atten- 
tion to the beauty of some hollow ware he saw exposed for 
sale. "I declare," said he, "they are as handsome as ours, 
if they could only make them as light." One of the proprie- 
tors, having overheard him, went out, and observed, " if you 
will step this way, sir, to our scales, 1 will satisfy you on that 
point." He then v/eighed the piece, which proved to be nine 
pounds ; and taking one of the same article, which he had of 
eastern manufacture, it was found on trial to weigh twelve 
pounds, being a difference in favor of the Cincinnati product, 
of one-third. 



CENSUS SKETCHES. 247 

On another occasion, to convince a person who doubted the 
toughness of the article made here, a piece of hollow ware 
was exposed to the blow of a hammer with such force, as to 
make a considerable dint in the side, but inflicting no fracture. 

In the course of the ensuing season, the lighter castings 
kept in hardware stores — butt and parliament hinges, for ex- 
ample — will be made here to an extent, of a quality, and at 
a price, to supercede the imported article. Tinners' tools, a 
very important item of manufactures, are also about to be ex- 
tensively supplied here for market. 

At the very threshold of my statistical enquiries and obser- 
vations, I was met by the assertion of an intelligent mechanic, 
a saddler, that in most articles made in Cincinnati, and in eV' 
ery thing manufactured in his line of business, better work 
and materials were turned out, than could be got, generally 
speaking, at other places. I was startled at the assumption 
thus made. It would be sufficient, was my remark, for you 
to assert an equality with the eastern manufacturers, it seems 
to me, without claiming to make a better article. He insisted 
on his point, and explained himself thus :— In the first place, 
the whole mechanic interest, here, has long since discovered, 
that if they meant to supply this market with what formerly 
came from the eastern cities, it would not do simply to make 
as good work; for the weight of prejudice and fashion was 
against them, and unless they could shew an article which was 
manifestly of better materials, more neatly, or more strongly 
put together, and finished in a higher degree, they felt it was 
impossible for them to overcome the force of the current. We 
then made it a settled principle, at all hazards and sacrifices, 
to drive out the eastern article. We knew that we had as 
good or better materials, that the right kind of workmen could 
be got, and so long as we met our expenses, we must, for so 
desirable and necessary an object, wait for our profits until we 
could carry our point. The best of workmen were, accord- 
ingly, engaged, and brought out at high wages, and every ef- 
fort made to instruct our apprentices, on the latest -j-nd most 



248 CENSUS SKETCHES. 

approved patterns and models, and in the course of a few 
years, by the time our boys became journeymen, or went into 
business themselves, we accomplished our purpose, and there 
is now not five dollars' worth of work brought out here, where 
a thousand dollars' worth Avas imported ten years ago. In- 
deed, excepting carriages and pianos, I do not know any east- 
ern articles brought here now, and these will not long contin- 
ue to come. 

But this is not the half of it. A stronger reason why we 
make a better article is, that while our work has been improv- 
ing for years, theirs has been the whole time getting worse. 
I speak of the goods they send off", which is the great body 
made ; for they may still make good work for their own cus- 
tomers at home, who will pay a fair price, and can not be put 
off with an inferior article. So great has been the competi- 
tion among mechanics in New York and Philadelphia, to sup- 
ply a foreign demand, decreasing under the operation of the 
causes I have stated, that the struggle is, who shall make the 
article cheapest ; the effect of this kind of strife is to deterio- 
rate the quality, both of the raw material and of the manufac- 
ture. This fact is now thorougly understood to the south and 
south-west, and the consequence is, that the Philadelphia and 
New York mechanics have lost their customers, abroad, for 
fine work, and only find a market for their low priced and in- 
ferior goods in our newer settlements, and probably Texas, 
and the South American and West Indies' markets ; and the 
character of their manufactures is becoming such, that if this 
state of things continues, before long they will be destitute of 
the workman, who can make a better article. 

In Cincinnati, on the contrary, we have had from Missouri, 
Mississipi, Alabama and Louisiana, as customers, men who 
are first rate judges of goods — say saddles, for instance. 
When they come to this place to buy, if they go from shop 
to shop, it is to find the best goods ; they never ask prices un- 
til they see the article they like and want, and they pay the 
proper price for it. They know its value, and never go to 



CENSUS SKETCHES. 249 

the second place to get it at a lower price. What is the con- 
sequence? The whole competition here is, who can make 
the best piece of goods, not who will make the cheapest one. 
Of such importance has the character of doing so, been felt 
here, before individuals had time to establish a reputation 
abroad by their own work, and name ; that until we succeed- 
ed ill raising workmen of the right stamp for ourselves, we 
were obliged to submit to the caprices, the extortions, the bad 
tempers, or worse habits, of such first rate workmen in our 
shops, as annoyed us in these respects. I have known jour- 
neymen of this kind, who would work, when they took a no- 
tion — perhaps but three days in the week, or even less. I 
could tell of cases where a journeyman, who got two dollars a 
piece for saddles more than any other workman in the city, 
told his employer he must give him three dollars in addition, 
or he should leave ; the employer was obliged to submit, for 
he knew it would not do to let the man go, upon any account : 
of others who got into quarrels in the shop from their bad 
temper, and kept the boss continually in hot water, to settle 
the difficulty. We were obliged to bear all these things, and 
more, at the time; while now we should send such fellows, 
in short order, about their business. 

The upshot of all this is, you cannot get in the city, if you 
wanted it, the low priced articles of the east. If they were 
made here, they could not be sold, however low priced, to any 
amount. The day of cheap goods has gone by ; the customer 
wants an article that will do him justice. But we could not 
make inferior articles at any rate, for they require inferior 
workmen, and ours are not such ; and it as much labor, or 
more so, for a good workman to make a bad piece of goods, 
as for a bad workman to make a good one. These kind of 
goods were sent out from the east on consignment, for a 
while, and proved a losing concern, which had to be closed at 
auction. They won't do here at any price. Even our coun- 
try mechanics make better goods, that is, more substantia] 
work. 



250 CENSUS SKETCHES. 

I could reply nothing to all this, for it did not require a me- 
chanic to understand and feel the force of this statement. 

The prejudice in favor of work made in our eastern cities, 
or in foreign countries, is remarkably obstinate. The same 
feeling existed, within my knowledge, in Philadelphia as late 
as 1806, in favor of London goods. My employer there, a 
respectable hardware merchant, imported the very boots he 
wore — Hoby, I think, was the maker's name — his hats, too, 
were made in the same place. It was the case, also, with his 
brother merchants. The same spirit eventually drove out 
these goods from Philadelphia, which has shut out the eastern 
article from this place. 

At a factory on the Miami canal I was shown what may 
be termed, a plantation cotton-spinning machine, one of a 
large number finishing for the south, and designed to furnish 
cotton yarn, at a single operation, from the raw material in 
the pod. This machine incloses in a frame, less in size than 
a common breakfast table, folded down, a cotton gin, carding 
roller, and spinning shafts, running six parallel threads, which 
may be worked with such ease that one ordinary hand, in one 
day, performs the usual labor of ten, on the old fashioned 
system. These machines are distributed all over the south- 
west, the proprietors keeping four members of their establish- 
ment at various points throughout the lower Mississipi valley, 
to see them started, and instruct the working part of that com- 
munity in their use. They have already supplied that coun- 
try, during the last ten years, with fifteen hundred of these 
machines, at one hundred and fifty dollars each, their value, 
when set up at the place of destination. The great peculiarity 
of this invention is, that, as it takes the cotton from the stalk 
and puts it into yarn, without going through the usual detach- 
ed processes, which always impair the beauty and strength of 
the cotton fibre, it furnishes the planter with an article alto- 
gether different from, and superior to, the cotton ginned and 
pressed into bales. I saw specimens of yarn made by this 
machine, and cloth, woven from the same kind of yarn. The 



CENSUS SKETCHES. 251 

yarn was of uncommon strength, and appeared, at a distance, 
rather to resemble woollen than cotton, in its filature; and the 
cloth, which was not fine, being designed merely for plantation 
wear, was remarkable for its evenness and firmness, being of 
durability which no factory could impart to its goods. It will 
readily be perceived of what consequence such a labor-sav- 
ing implement must be to the lower Mississipi valley, sup- 
plying them with yarns, at their own doors, of a quality bet- 
ter, and at an expense less than any they can get from a dis- 
tance. This machine, 1 Avas pleased to learn, in its present 
character, is a Cincinnati invention, and the use of it rapidly 
spreading throughout the south and south-west. 

In a separate department of this establishment, every varie- 
ty of machinery is manufactured, for the hemp and cotton 
bagging works of Kentucky and Tennessee. The Louisville 
and Maysville establishments have all been supplied from this 
factory. On one side of it, and set in motion by the same 
water-power, is a pearl barley mill, just going into operation, 
at which fifty bushels will be pearled in a day ; and a corn 
mill and chopped feed mill, which will turn out two hundred 
bushels of corn meal in the same space of time. There is 
also, in the lower story, a tool grinding establishment, of such 
extensive business as to have used up, in the course of last 
year, one hundred grindstones, each four feet in diameter, and 
eight inches in thickness. 

We have articles of minor consequence made here, whose 
manufactures, after supplying the city market, and that of the 
great west, are beginning to dispose of a surplus to New York 
and Philadelphia. Of these I only recollect, at present, two 
items — ivory black, and button moulds. The raw materials, 
useless for any thing else, are abundant here, and ought, at 
their low prices, to furnish the manufacturers means to com- 
pete, eastward, with rival articles, even under the drawback 
of cost of carriage. At the ivory black establishment, boxes 
are made for the supply of all the blacking factories through- 
out the west. Combs are also made here, to an extent limit- 



252 CENSUS SKETCHES. 

ed only by the supply of horns, of which as many as nine- 
teen hundred a week, for four months together, have been 
worked up in this establishment. The parts which are too 
small for combs are then used up in the button mould busi- 
ness. 

This reminds me of another business, lately established here, 
which consumes old hats and shoes, the waste blood, bones, 
and other animal substances, in various valuable chemical pre- 
parations, employing what usually goes to waste, and keep- 
ing money at home which has heretofore gone east for pur- 
chases. 

Steam-vessels. 

The steam-vessels on the western waters have, within the 
last few years, been much improved, both in their external 
appearance, and their internal arrangements. The berths, 
stretching the whole length of the cabin, have disappeared, 
and their places have been supplied by elegant and commo- 
dious state-rooms. This arrangement gives to passengers 
greater privacy, and much more comfort. On some of the 
boats, state-rooms are provided for families. The engines, 
boilers, and the apparatus necessary for navigation, have un- 
dergone great alterations. The engines occupy much less 
space than formerly, are of higher finish, and on the larger 
class of boats, two engines are used instead of one. The 
number of boilers have been reduced : it having been discover- 
ed, that the old boats were provided with the means of pro- 
ducing more steam than was needed for the propelling of the 
vessel — hence the reduction. This is a great saving; besides, 
the weight displaced gives the vessel a greater capacity for 
carrying. The science of boat-building has also improved in 
a corresponding degree. The clumsy boat of 1832 has been 
replaced by those of finer model for speed, capacity, and du- 
rability. In these changes, the vessels which have been built 
at Cincinnati have no superiors in the valley of the Missis- 
sipi. In fiict, M'e may safely say, that these steam-vessels, 
for speed, safety, elegance and accommodation, have no rivals. 



CENSUS SKETCHES. 253 

The steam-boat Chieftain, captain Myers — the Ben Frank- 
lin, captain Summons — the Ohio Belle, captain Jones — the 
Queen of the West, captain Green — the President, captain 
Eckert — the Swallow, captain Anders — the Commodore, cap- 
tain Ellis — the New Orleans, captain Love — the Maid of 
Kentucky, captain Lillard — and numerous others, which my 
limits forbid enumerating — are all vessels of admirable con- 
struction, evincing the skill of our artizans, and the enterprise 
of their owners. 

There has been a change, too, in the officers and men em- 
ployed in navigating steam-vessels. The explosions and 
other disasters, which so frequently occurred in years gone 
by, were too frequently the result of recklessness, or a vain 
desire for distinction, even at the frightful risks which have so 
fatally, in many cases, been run. Now, officers are employed 
of respectability and worth — men who live amongst us, and 
who are our neighbors — men whom we can safely trust; and 
who are appreciated for their correct deportment. It follows 
as a matter of course, that this mode of traveling is every day 
becoming safer and much more convenient than formerly. 
Owners and commanders of steam-boats have discovered, that 
the safety of passengers and the preservation of their own 
property is most secure when in the hands of judicious men; 
and the recklessness, once so prevalent on steam-boats, has 
nearly disappeared. 

The average cost of a vessel of three hundred tons is about 
thirty-five thousand dollars. The Chieftain cost forty thou- 
sand dollars, and, although only measuring three hundred and 
twenty-two tons, will carry down stream over five hundred 
tons. The New Orleans is a vessel of great capacity for her 
measurement, carrying nearly four hundred and fifty tons, 
while she measures only three hundred and five tons. The 
President cost twenty thousand dollars, and is a boat of very 
superior accommodations. All of them are fitted up with 
taste; and the traveler may wend his way on any of these no- 
ble vessels down " Za belle riviere,"" or, on the bosom of the 



254 CENSUS SKETCHES. 

mighty Father-of-Waters, enjoying ail the comforts and con- 
veniences of home. 

The average expense of a boat of three hundred tons, the 
Ohio Belle for example, is about two hundred dollars per day 
— that is, during the time they are running. A trip to New 
Orleans and back, is made in about twenty days. In a good 
stage of water, and when freight is plenty, the trips are made 
somewhat quicker. Immense cargoes are sometimes taken 
down by steam-boats, towing the dismantled hulls of old 
steam-vessels. In such cases, the hull, from its great buoyan- 
cy and space — having no upper works to sink her in the wa- 
ter, and destitute of the weight of engine, Szc, will carry enor- 
mous quantities of produce. The Mediator lately towed the 
hull of the Splendid, the two boats having on board a freight 
of more than one thousand tons. 

The wonderful improvements which have been made in 
steam navigation in the west, are but an augury of still more 
wonderful improvements. Art, science, and enterprise have 
achieved much; but we are still upon the threshold. We 
look with astonishment upon the rapid progress which steam 
has made, within the last few years, in developing the resour- 
ces of the earth, and the genius of man ; but those individuals 
are born, who will gaze with wonder upon what they will 
term our limited knowledge of the capacity of this boundless 
agent. The river — the forest — the prairie — the mountain — all 
our vast continent must eventually be subjugated to this migh- 
ty power. The car, and .the vessel, driven or propelled by 
its irresistible impetus, will carry intelligence, whether of weal 
or woe, to the many millions who shall yet people this great 
west. The products of the south will fly as by magic to the 
north, while the east and the west will be joined together by 
bars of iron. The artisans of the noble city we inhabit will 
contribute their full share in the triumphs of art, and the con- 
sequent glory of the age. 



CENSUS SKETCHES. 255 

Steam-hoats built at Cincinriati, in 1840. 

Names. Tons. Cost. 

Joan of Arc 343 $32,000 

Chieftain 322 40,000 

Ben. Franklin 312 40,000 

New Orleans 305 25,000 

Ohio Belle 294 35,000 

Queen of the West 291 30,000 

General Pike 234 18,000 

Maid of Arkansas 214 18,000 

President 210 20,000 

T^chula 204 18,000 

Southerner 201 20,000 

Scioto Valley— finished here— 195 16,000 

Maid of Kentucky 192 20,000 

Pre-emption 181 30,000 

Flying Dutchman 169 25,000 

Canebrake 162 16,000 

Patrick Henry 161 20,000 

Vienna 155 20,000 

Mail 148 20,000 

Zephyr 110 15,000 

Oriole 110 12,000 

Governor Morehead 99 12,000 

Mechanic 98 8,000 

Swan 94 12,000 

Otter 92 15,000 

Relief 90 10,000 

Levi Welch 80 20,000 

Picayune 79 10,000 

Freedom 38 3,000 

Vesta 35 5,000 

Dove 34 1,500 

Ellen 33 3,500 

Hornet — schooner 76 2,500 

Thirty-three boats of 5,361 tons, at a cost of $592,500. 



256 CENSUS SKETCHES. 

Oiir Schools. 

The subject of education has always received that attention 
in Cincinnati, which its importance to the community claims. 
As far back as that period in our city history, when men cul- 
tivated their crops in the lots and out-lots here, with their ri- 
fles at their elbows, and sentinels stationed on the look-out for 
the savao^es, — even under such discouraorincr circumstances, 
the school master was in the midst of us, literally and figura- 
tively ; and the advantages of education were as widely diffus- 
ed among the inhabitants of Cincinnati at that day, as at any 
era since, until the establishment of our free schools ; and to 
an extent in means of imparting and acquiring knowledge, 
which might compare to advantage with any part of the Uni- 
ted States, at the same period of time. The men and women 
of mature life of the present day, who were born here, or 
brought as children to the place, are living witnesses of the 
truth of these assertions. At the much later date of 1824, the 
private schools of Cincinnati had rendered the place advan- 
tageously known abroad, as furnishing uncommon facilities for 
acquiring education of an order unsurpassed in the west. At 
that period, we had a variety of male, and particularly female 
schools, whose reputation was known far and wide. Many 
of these still exist under the same teachers, and maintain their 
standing and patronage, even under the rival influence of the 
public schools since established, which furnish the means of 
education to the community, without expense. Nearly one 
half the children of our city resort to private schools, — a fact 
which, under attendant circumstances, is the best evidence of 
their efficiency and excellence. That we should have more 
than forty private schools here, surrounded as they are, by 
free schools on the one side, and the Cincinnati College and 
Woodward High School on the other, is a remarkable fact. 

Our free schools date from 1830 — 31. These are the pride 
and glory of the place, and are always the first objects point- 
ed out as worthy of notice, to the stranger who visits the city. 
Every thing connected with these institutions is calculated 



CENSUS SKETCHES. 257 

to exhibit their importance and value. The school- houses, 
whose exterior is sufficiently illustrated by one of the plates 
in this publication, are edifices which, from their appearance, 
are frequendy mistaken for churches. The inside is construct- 
ed and arranged entirely in reference to educational purposes, 
and so exclusively dedicated to those uses, that they are never 
permitted to be occupied for other objects, either in or out of 
tuition hours. These schools are founded not merely on the 
principle that all men are free and equal, but that all men's 
children are so likewise, and that, as it is our duty to love our 
neighbor as ourselves, it is our duty to provide the same ben- 
efits and blessings to his children as to our own, and thus pre- 
pare the way to perpetuate those glorious truths from age to 
age. These establishments result from the recognition of the 
fact, also, that we have all a common interest — moral, political 
and pecuniary — in the education of the whole community. 
For, if facilities are not afforded to those, who from various 
circumstances are tempted to neglect the education of their 
children, and the influence of good teaching and example 
which exist in our public schools do not supply the deficien- 
cy, all experience shews that a class of society is reared up 
every where — in large cities especially — which is continually 
disturbing the peace, and periling the safety of the community. 
This system, then, encourages the parent to send his chil- 
dren to the school he is taxed to support, and he feels that he 
possesses, with all his neighbors, a common right to its bene- 
fits, and a common interest in its success. In these schools, 
the children of every class of society meet and are taught, and 
by aftbrding the means of mental and moral improvement to 
those who would probably be otherv/ise destitute, the commu- 
nity is prepared to advantage for those new combinations in 
the elements of society, which are continually bringing forward 
into influence the talented children of the obscure ; and for that 
change of individuals in its ranks, which is at once the dis- 
tinctive character and conservative principle of our political 
institutions. 

w 2 



258 CENSUS SKETCHES. 

While these schools furnish the means of instruction to a 
very desirable extent already, I look forward to the period— 
not far distant — when the living languages will form a distinct 
and prominent feature of instruction. To what extent the ad- 
vantages of a knowledge of the dead languages repay the la- 
bor of mind and memory, consumption of time, and expense 
of money devoted to their acquisition, is not for me to say : 
but of the value of many modern languages there can be no 
room for doubt. Under the constant increase of communica- 
tion between ourselves and foreigners, which the advancement 
of society is promoting, the knowledge of French, Spanish 
and German — already highly desirable here, and found to 
be a source of convenience and pecuniary advantage, — will 
soon become a necessary feature in education for practical 
purposes. 

By way of illustrating the spirit which first established and 
still animates these institutions, I deem it only necessary to 
say, that after affording the necessary facilities for progress 
in knowledge in our free schools during the usual tuition hours, 
evening schools for the winter months have been established, 
in which the same course of instruction, under the same class 
of teachers, is provided for those who are engaged as appren- 
tices, or in day labor, at various employments. Many of 
these have been born and brought up at other places, where 
suitable instruction has not been within their reach ; and the 
importance and value of this means of their improvement, will 
be readily understood and felt. 

But this is not the only remedy provided for this difficulty : 
the trustees of the Woodward College and High School, also, 
in order to meet the wants of young men whose employments 
do not permit them to attend a day school, have opened even- 
ing schools in the college rooms, in which are taught mercan- 
tile arithmetic, book-keeping, algebra, geometry, architectural 
drawing, plane trigonometry with its applications, surveying; 
mensuration of planes and solids, particularly of carpenters', 
painters', masons' and bricklayers' work, &c. 



CENSUS SKETCHES. 259 

Nearly eighty young men are thus accommodated, and no 
charge made to those ivho are engaged in labor or business^ 
during the day. They add, in the prospectus from which 1 
make this statement: — "If there should not be a sufficient 
number of applicants for gratuitous instruction, we shall re- 
ceive such others as may desire to attend, on payment of the 
usual charges elsewhere. We especially invite those Avho de- 
sire to prepare themselves for future usefulness, to devote the 
long evenings and leisure hours to the acquisition of know- 
ledge," (fee. 

I cannot extend my extracts, which would show, if made 
to greater length, an anxiety to press the acceptance of these 
facilities and privileges that is very remarkable. It will pro- 
bably appear an inverted order of things, as the world usually 
acts, that individuals should be first sought out as beneficia- 
ries, and if such cannot be found in numbers sufficient, pay- 
pupils to be admitted, afterwards. What a contrast to the 
worldly spirit, which seeks, first to make money by teaching, 
and then affi)rds admittance gratuitously to such as cannot find 
the means to pay ! 

It may be easily conceived, that the opportunities thus af- 
forded by a residence in the city, to educate their children, is 
a great inducement for many persons to settle here, and, con- 
sequendy, has served to enlarge the population and increase 
the prosperity of Cincinnati. I found individuals, who stated 
that they could have done as well, or better, in a pecuniary 
respect, at St. Louis or New Orleans, but that the considera- 
tion I have referred to, outweighed all such motives. One 
man, who was on a visit to this place on business, was so for- 
cibly impressed with the advantages the place presented for 
the education of his children, that on his return home, he sold 
off every thing and came out with his whole family, without 
any calculation as to what business he could undertake. — 
" I have," said he, " what will support us all a year, and I 
am determined on the removal, if I cannot get into any thing 
to do for one twelvemonth." 



260 CENSUS SKETCHES. 

It will be seen by these statements, that our various schools 
and public lectures are under such regulations and arrange- 
ments, as to afford every facility to the aspirant after know- 
ledge. Most of them are free of expense, and the residue 
within the reach of very limited means. 

Although the manufacturing and commercial business of 
Cincinnati, are its most important direct pecuniary interest, a 
powerful indirect impulse is given to business in various ways, 
from our educational advantages, and to a greater extent than 
many persons would suppose. But if it did not contribute 
one dollar to the wealth of Cincinnati, the value it confers on 
a residence here, the elevation of character which it creates, 
at home and abroad, amply repay the expenditure of time, of 
labor, and pecuniary efforts which have been made in the great 
cause, by the public spirited men who have built it up to its 
present eminence. 

Some of the gentlemen who act as trustees and visiters to 
the common schools, and are from Boston — one of them 
quite recently — have assured me, that the duties of the station 
are very different here, from those of the corresponding office 
at that place, and, as far as they can judge, any where else at 
the east; amounting, there, to occasional supervision and an 
annual examination of the schools, closed with a gala dinner 
for the occasion, the whole completed in one day. *' Here," re- 
marked one of these trustees to me, " an amount of time is 
devoted to the duties of my office, which it Avould astonish 
my Boston friends to learn, and I know that there are some of 
my colleagues who make still greater sacrifices to the cause." 

Reverses of Fortunes. 

Few people are aware of the ups and downs of society, be- 
yond the present moment. We see one man rise by some 
fortunate conjuncture of events, to honor, power, or fortune, 
whose descendants, perhaps whose children, may be steeped in 
poverty or infamy to the very lips. But the same generation, 
in this case, rarely witnesses the ascent and descent of the 



CENSUS SKETCHES. 261 

ladder ; it is only by inquiry or recorded history, that we are 
called to contrast the affluence or the dignity of the past, with 
the destitutions or insignificance of the present. 

In the course of my census travels, I found an old lady— 
the widow of a distinguished professor in one of our eastern 
cities — in such abject poverty, that a broad board stretched 
across an old barrel was all the table she possessed; the 
chairs were in keeping with the table, being sawed billets of 
wood. I discovered a man who had been proprietor in a large 
foundery, on the river Carron, in Scotland, reduced to the 
condition of a day laborer at iron works here. I found a de- 
scendant of a distinguished governor of one of the eastern 
states, and a cousin of a late governor of New Jersey, ma- 
king their subsistence at washing by the day. What impres- 
sive rebukes to pride may be found in such lessons. In all 
these cases the individuals appeared to bear their reverses of 
fortune, with a suitable and becoming spirit, and some of them 
with such dignity and philosophy as commanded not only my 
sympathy but my respect. 

But I found deeper grades of wretchedness that these. 
*' The spirit of a man shall sustain his infirmity," but degra- 
dation and infamy who can bear ? Yes, — some are so far sunk 
as to glory in their shame, or to become callous under disgrace. 
The daughter of a respectable clergyman in Philadelphia, and 
a niece of a member of congress from New York, is a public 
prostitute in this city, whom no remonstrances can rouse, nor 
recollection shame. The grandson of a general officer of the 
revolution, a distinguished son of Pennsylvania, is a vagabond 
in our city ; now, and not for the first time, on the chain gang, 
apparently one of the most hopeless of the lost. I assisted to 
lift out of the gutter, in which he lay drunk, a man whom I 
knew years before in Pittsburg, worth, even in those days 
when man's wealth was counted by only tens of thousands, as 
much in real estate and warehouse as fifty thousand dollars. I 
found in another case, a man of my own age — I had left him 
in Philadelphia twenty-five years ago, a youth of the highest 



263 CENSUS SKETCHES. 

promise, the pride and joy of his parents, and the delight and 
favorite of female society ; he was so disfigured by intem- 
perance, that not a vestige by which I could recall him to 
memory remained, and nothing but certain tones of his once 
musical voice and the narration of early events, which a stran- 
ger could not have known, did at last induce me to believe him 
any thing else than an impostor. He was so completely ru- 
ined, that it was impossible to render him any service. He 
has since gone down the river to Texas, — 

"Texas, the needy outcast's general home." 
Such is human life. 

Publications. 

This is a department of industry and enterprise of great 
extent. Books to a value exceeding two hundred and fifty 
thousand dollars, issued from the Cincinnati press the last 
year. More than one half of these in value, and almost one 
million volumes in number — primers, tfcc. not included — were 
school books. These, besides supplying our own wants, have 
superceded the rival publications of the east at various places 
abroad, — Detroit for example, where they are introduced into 
the public schools. AVestern Pennsylvania, western Virginia 
and Texas are also supplied from this market. 

These books may be classified as follows : 

1. Eeprints for western use, of standard works. Among 
these are family bibles, in quarto, Josephus' Works, Rollin's 
Ancient History, Gibbon with Guizot's Notes, Digby's Ages 
of Faith, the Calvinistic and Family Libraries, large octavos. 

Many of the current English publications, principally of 
light literature, and duodecimo size, are reprinted here like- 
wise. The great staples for the religious community of books 
of doctrine and discipline, hymn books, tracts, &;c., are also 
supplied to the great west. 

2. Original publications, periodicals in magazine form and 
pamphlets. The Ladies' Repository and Gatherings of the 
West, seven thousand copies ; the Family Magazine, five thou- 
sand copies, and the Western Pilot, — all large octavos: Cin- 



CENSUS SKETCHES. 263 

cinnati in 1841, four thousand copies, and Western Poetical Lit- 
erature, duodecimos, will serve as specimens of these. 

3. Elementary works for schools. These are of every va- 
riety, both of series and single publications, and embrace pri- 
mers, exercises in spelling and reading, arithmetics, grammars, 
geographies, dictionaries, historical narratives, music books 
and new testaments, with various publications of the sort, 
partly for schools, and partly for general reading. 

The whole of what is thus stated refers to the business in 
this line of the last twelve months. Many of these books are 
copy-rights ; and of the original publications, three duodeci- 
mos have gone to press within the last thirty days. 

As regards raw materials, it can easily be seen, that the 
consumption must be immense. One establishment at Wheel- 
ing, alone, supplies this market with paper to the value of 
forty-five thousand dollars. Stereotyping enters largely into 
our publications. There are plates in three or four publishing 
houses alone, which are worth sixty thousand dollars. 

Value of Property, 

For the last twenty years, interrupted occasionally by 
checks for the moment, property in Cincinnati has been 
steadily on the advance, and even at the severest periods of 
panic and pressure, never declined in price. As the value of 
property is one of those subjects on which there is great dif- 
ference of opinion every where, and different standards are 
applied in different places, I shall take the rents as my meas- 
ure of value, and specify no price of rent, but what the same 
or a greater amount, could be got for the tenement if vacated 
at this moment. 

In 1802, Ethan Stone paid Joel Williams for lots No. 89, 
90, and 91, extending one hundred and fifty feet on Vine, by 
two hundred feet on Fourth street, two hundred and twenty 
dollars. Some years afterwards Mr. Stone removed to the 
country and sold out this property. In the progress of the 
canal improvements in 1839, he felt his farm so much injured 
that he decided to abandon it and reside in the city. With 



264 CENSUS SKETCHES. 

this design he repurchased a portion of his original property 
in Cincinnati, sixty feet front on Vine street, by two hundred 
feet in depth. It should be observed, that as the Vine street 
front is much less valuable than that on Fourth street, and 
excludes the corner property, that the best part of the lot was 
left out in the repurchase. For this, he paid one hundred and 
fifty dollars per foot front, or nine thousand dollars for the lot, 
being at the rate of forty-five thousand dollars for the original 
lots, estimating the corner lot at the same price, although 
worth much more. 

• Samuel Stitt, who came here in 1796, and like most others 
of the early settlers, considered farming land of more value 
than city lots, invested his first resources in the purchase of 
property outside of the city. But in 1800, he purchased of 
colonel John Riddle — now of Mill creek township — the lot 
sixty feet front, on which the Exchange Hotel facing the pub- 
lic landino^ is built, for twelve hundred dollars. After deriving 
considerable revenue for years from the rents, he sold the 
property in 1833, on perpetual lease, for the same sum per 
annum as constituted his purchase money. Had he deferred 
the transaction till this date — eight years more — there can be 
no doubt that he could have obtained three thousand dollars 
per annum as a permanent ground rent, or more than one 
hundred and fifty per cent, advance within that short period, 
on the property. 

In 1836, John H. Groesbeck, of this city, bought the Cin- 
cinnati Hotel property, at the corner of Broadway and Front 
street, at public sale, for the sum of fifty-two thousand dollars. 
On examining it more leisurely after it came into his posses- 
sion, and ascertaining that it would cost a large sum to put it 
in the order he had contemplated at first, he disposed of the 
property, on a lease for ten years, to Joseph Darr, for four 
thousand dollars per annum. Mr. Darr made some petty al- 
terations, principally in the fronts, and partitions into store 
rooms for clothing shops, and rented it out at seven thousand 
six hundred dollars a year, being the interest, at six per cent. 



CENSUS SKETCHES. 265 

on one hundred and twenty-six thousand six hundred and 
sixty-seven dollars, or about one 'hundred and fifty per cent, 
advance upon the purchase money, made within the short 
space of a few months. 

The original lot No. 77, corner of Main and Front streets, 
cost in 1789 two dollars, being in size one hundred feet on 
Front and two hundred feet on Main street. Major Bush of 
Kentucky told me, that it had been offered him by colonel Gib- 
son, who then owned it, in 1793, for one hundred dollars. 
The present rent of the stores and offices, maybe thus stated: 
Main street property : — 

Five stores rented at $5,600 

Four stores occupied by owners, which would 

fetch, if for rent, 4,700 

Front street property : — 

Four stores and two offices, 3,950 



$14,250 

being six per cent, interest on two hundred and thirty-seven 
thousand five hundred dollars, a sum which must therefore be 
the present value of the lot. 

The property on the east side of Sycamore, extending on 
Front street towards Broadway, and being about one-sixth 
part of lot No. 27, which, like the other I have stated, cost two 
dollars, rents for two thousand eight hundred and sixty dollars, 
the interest at six per cent, of forty-seven thousand six hun- 
dred and sixty-seven dollars, or at the rate of two hundred 
and eighty-six thousand dollars, for the original premises. 
This is the lot on which Mr. Yeatman kept tavern for many 
years. 

The property on Commercial Row, belonging to George 
W. Jones, a block of eight buildings, and with a front of one 
hundred feet on Main, by sixty feet on Front and Water 
streets, rents for six thousand five hundred dollars per an- 
num, amounting at an interest of six per cent, to one hundred 
and eight thousand one hundred and sixty-seven dollars, for 

X 



266 CENSUS SKETCHES. 

about one fourth of the original lot, or at the rate of three hun- 
dred and sixty thousand five hundred and fifty-five dollars, for 
that which cost two dollars, fifty years ago. 

Lot No. 51, at the intersection of the west side of Syca- 
more and Front streets, with its improvements, rents for ten 
thousand two hundred dollars, the interest at six per cent, of 
one hundred and seventy thousand dollars. This, like the 
last, cost two dollars originally. 

The property, lot No. 135, was willed by AVilliam M'Mil- 
lan, in 1804, to the Nova Caesarea Lodge of this city. Of so 
little value was it considered at that comparatively late period, 
that the Lodge suflfered it to be sold for taxes, and left it unre- 
deemed for the same reason, a considerable period of time. 
It now rents for twenty-four hundred dollars, the interest at six 
per cent, of forty thousand dollars ; on this principle of compu- 
tation, its present value. I will close this article with perhaps 
the most remarkable case of all. Lot No. 110, at the north- 
west corner of Third and Main streets, after being repeatedly 
rejected by the original settlers, in the selection of choice lots, 
was taken up by Patrick Moore, who, coming rather later than 
the rest, was obliged to take this lot, for the regular price of 
two dollars, or pay four dollars higher up on the second table 
of the city, and, of course, farther from the landing. Why 
this region was undervalued has been already stated. Moore, 
after holding on until 1804, sold it to James M'Ginnis for eight 
hundred dollars, and M'Ginnis, later in the same year, sold 
out at the same price, to Robert Merrie and Peter M'NicoU, 
two of our old and valuable citizens, the latter still living, 
and the other surviving until within four or five years. In the 
division of the property, Merrie received the south half, off 
which he sold in 1814 to J. and N. Longworth, twenty feet 
by one hundred, on the corner of Third and Main streets, for 
twenty-five hundred dollars ; and a lot of the same size, jusl 
north of it, to J. W. Browne, for twenty-four hundred dol- 
lars. William T. Crissey purchased the corner lot in 1817, 
for four thousand dollars, and sold it in 1819 to Joseph Jonas, 



CENSUS SKETCHES. 267 

for six thousand dollars. Mr. Jonas sold the property in 
1828, but subsequently repurchased it during the same year, 
at fifteen thousand dollars, and in 1839 leased the corner, re- 
duced to twenty by twenty-six feet, to N. Lougee, the present 
occupant, for the term of ten years, for two thousand dollars 
per annum, Mr. L. putting up the building which now stands 
on the premises, and holding the privilege of occupying it five 
years longer, on the termination of the present lease, at the 
rate of twenty-five hundred dollars per annum. A tenant of a 
small office partitioned ofi'from this space by Mr. Lougee, rents 
from him for nine hundred dollars, and the cellar, occupied by 
a fruiterer, brings him four hundred dollars more. 

Let us now put these operations into another shape, and 
connect with them the residue of the building — which has but 
one front — on Third street, so as to ascertain the rental of this 
very productive property. 

Mr. Jonas receives two thousand dollars for the Main street 
building, and twenty-five hundred and ninety-two dollars for 
that on Third street. He thus obtains forty-five hundred and 
ninety-two dollars in rent, per annum, a sum, at six per cent., 
equal to the interest on seventy-six thousand five hundred and 
thirty-three dollars, thirty-three cents ; and in the same pro- 
portion, making the entire lot worth seven hundred and sixty- 
five thousand, three hundred and thirty-three dollars ; his pro- 
perty being just one tenth of the original lot, and that lot, like 
others I have cited, costing two dollars in the first instance. 

The whole world may be challenged to furnish cases as re- 
markable of rise of property within an equal space of time,' — 
fifty years. Indeed, the value conferred in most instances, 
upon the property alluded to in these sketches, by the growth 
of Cincinnati, and the extent to which this cause alone has 
enriched individuals — the great Nong tong paw of this city 
among the number — defies any parallel, except what may be 
found in the legend of Aladdin and his wonderful lamp. 

The whole of the property to which I have referred, is im- 
proved with tenements, some of which are spacious and lofty, 



3G8 CENSUS SKETCHES. 

and with the exception of the last instance, are all valuable 
and expensive. It will readily occur to some persons, that 
this is probably one great cause of the prodigious advances in 
value of property I have alluded to, sufficient, in most cases, 
if not in all, to account for the difference in value, between 
the past and the present. This, though plausible at a dis- 
tance, every man here familiar with property and its value, 
knows to be not the fact ; and that in most of the cases I have 
stated, the ground alone is worth more than it is ivith the 
huildings added to it. 

This paradox is easily understood, when we reflect that the 
increase of value in such instances, refers principally to the 
mere lots, and only to the improvement in cases where its 
construction admits of access to the upper stories for offices, 
and of its subdivision on the first floor, into more store-rooms 
than already exist ; that most of the warehouses, erected ten 
or fifteen years since, and now occupied on their third or fourth 
stories with old barrels or boxes, having been put up for other 
purposes, do not aftbrd the means of making such changes to 
advantage, and, in general, that it is only under an entire re- 
building, that property owners can adequately meet the in- 
creased demand for tenements and offices in the crowded bu- 
siness regions of the city. 

Improvements in prospect or in j^rogress. 

Early as is the season, our building operations have already 
opened with a vigor, w^hich promises extensive results ; and 
the probability is, that there will not be less than five hundred 
warehouses and private dwellings put up in the current year. 
This will be rather more than the regular increase in buildings 
from 1840. Of these a larger proportion than usual, will be 
of warehouses. One blockon Second, between Main and Syc- 
amore, one on Fifth, west of Walnut, one at the intersection 
of Sycamore and Lower-market, with a number of single 
buildings in various parts of the city — all intended for stores — 
are, at this time, — March 1st, — in various stages of pro- 



CENSUS SKETCHES. 



269 



gress. Several dwelling-houses, — a block at the corner of 
Harrison street and Broadway among the rest, — are also com- 
menced. It is hardly necessary to add to what has been stat- 
ed elsewhere in these pages, in reference to our buildings, 
whether for family use, or business stations, that while they 
are increasing in number, from year to year, they are at the 
same time improving in value, beauty, and adaptation to their 
respective purposes. 

Among the public buildings which are contemplated to be 
in course of building this year is, 

The Catholic Cathedral. 

That large lot, one half of the block originally bounded by 
Plum and Western-row, and Seventh and Eighth streets, has 
been recently purchased by Bishop Purcell, with the design of 
erecting a cathedral on the premises for the use of the Roman 
Catholic society. The lot fronts three hundred and eighty- 
three feet on Eighth, by one hundred and ninety-two feet on 
Plum and AVestern-row. The plan of this building has not 
yet been fully determined on ; but from the various designs 
which have been submitted to the Bishop for his sanction, and 
among which, I understand, his selection will finally be made, 
there can be no doubt that the edifice which will be construct- 
ed for that purpose, will prove an ornament to Cincinnati. 

I believe that the Bishop proposes to place the front of the 
cathedral on Plum street, and erect contiguous to it, on Eighth 
street, an Orphan House, with such other buildings as may be 
needed for the future benevolent operations of that society, — 
an hospital among the rest. This last department of charita- 
ble effort, will withdraw a large portion of patients from the 
Commercial Hospital of the city, already in too crowded a 
state, as the township trustees have assured me, and will, of 
course, enhance the comfort and conveniences, alike of those 
who remain, and those who remove. 

The cathedral will be commenced, I understand, this sea- 
son, although from its massive character and extent, it may 
take two or three years to complete the edifice. 

x2 



270 CENSUS SKETCHES. 

The building of a new church for the German part of the 
same religious community, will also be commenced this spring, 
on Main street beyond the canal, which, being in the heart of 
that population, will, no doubt, be constructed on a scale suf- 
ficiently large for all necessary purposes, and diminish the 
throng which has for some time been attending the present 
edifice on Fifth street, a building found entirely insufficient 
to accommodate a congregation so large and constantly in- 
creasing in numbers. At least three-fourths of the German 
community here are Roman Catholics. 

Another public improvement of no ordinary beauty, and of 
an imposing appearance, from its design, commanding posi- 
tion, and number of buildings, of which an idea may be form- 
ed from the annexed plate, is 

The Western Baptist Theological Institute — at Covington, 
Kentucky. 

This institution was originated by the Western Baptist Ed- 
ucation Society, and formed November 10th, 1834, by dele- 
gates to a general convention of the Baptist denomination 
throughout the western states of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, 
Illinois, Missouri, Tennessee, Mississipi, Arkansas, Louisiana, 
Michigan, western Pennsylvania, and western Virginia. 

Shortly after the formation of this society, its executive 
committee, in accordance with a provision in the constitution, 
purchased a tract of land in Covington, Kentucky, for the site 
of a theological institution. In the centre of this tract, they 
have located the " theological square," which contains about 
twelve acres, enclosed w^th a handsome and permanent paling 
fence. This square is beautifully situated on elevated ground, 
overlooking the cities of Cincinnati and Covington, and the 
town of Newport. 

The plan of the building, exhibited in the engraving, as seen 
from the north-western corner of the square, is as follows, viz : 
the centre building presents the chapel, and on either side, at 
the distance of fifty feet, are the east and west wings of the 
theological building, each of which is one hundred and twenty 




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CENSUS SKETCHES. 271 

feet in length by forty-six in depth, and, as will be seen by 
the plate, are four stories high besides the basement; at the 
extreme east and west ends of the east and west wings, are 
double two story dwellings, designed to be occupied by the 
four professors of the Institute. All these buildings are situa- 
ted in a horizontal line running from east to west, overlook- 
ing the Ohio river and the city of Cincinnati. 

In the foreground of the whole, facing the west, stands the 
mansion-house, a building of singular beauty and proportion, 
designed as the residence of the president of the institution. 
This building was erected in the spring and summer of 1839. 
The grounds around this part of the square, are highly im- 
proved and embellished with groves of forest and fruit trees 
and ornamental shru1)bery, and the Avhole intersected with 
handsome gravel walks, exhibiting to the eye a landscape of 
quiet beauty, rarely surpassed. 

The east wing of the theological building, is an elegant and 
commanding structure, erected during the summer and autumn 
of 1840, and will accommodate about one hundred students. 
The remaining buildings will be erected in conformity with 
the plan exhibited in the annexed plate, as they may be re- 
quired, and as the means of the board v/ill justify. 

It is intended to bring this institution into operation in the 
course of the ensuing year ; and it is the determination of the 
board of trustees, in conformity to the wishes of the whole 
Baptist community in the western states, as expressed through 
their delegates in convention, that it shall, at its commence- 
ment, assume a character of piety and learning in no respect 
inferior to similar institutions in the eastern states. The ex- 
ecutive committee having thus located the institution and ap- 
pointed its first trustees, in conformity with the provisions of 
the constitution of the Western Baptist Education Society, ap- 
plied for, and obtained a charter from the state of Kentucky, 
in the winter of 1839-'40. 

Its present trustees are : — Cave Johnson, S. W. I«ynd, E. 
Robins, J. Stevens, P. S. Bush, R. W. Lee, S. Trevor. 



272 CENSUS SKETCHES. 

Fuel 

The fuel consumed in this city has heretofore been prin- 
cipally wood; but the consumption of coal during late years 
has been large, and is constantly increasing, and will, in a 
few years, probably constitute the entire fuel — except for cook- 
ing purposes — in the place. Of this none will doubt who 
concur in opinion with me, that it is a material for fires supe- 
rior to wood in every respect but in cleanliness. The ad- 
vantages of coal are 

1st. It is more portable and convenient both to receive and 
stow away, and to put into use in a city ; a great difference 
in its favor over wood, which requires sawing and splitting, 
and takes up so much room as to put it out of the power of 
most housekeepers, to lay up a stock for the whole season, 
and exposes them constandy to that rise in the article which 
winter always creates. 

2d. It is much cheaper: coal at 125 cents per bushel, be- 
ing about equal to wood at SI, 75 cents per cord ; which is 
only one half of the price which wood averages throughout 
the year. 

3d. It is a safer fire than that of wood, both in burning by 
day and keeping alive by night. Every one is familiar with 
this fact. 

4th. It requires less care and attention to keep it in proper 
order, and to preserve one uniform heat, and less labor to feed 
it than wood. 

5th. and lastly. The facility it affords in rekindling instan- 
taneously in the morning, after being covered up over night, 
is a convenience and comfort so great, as to form, in this re- 
spect alone, if there were no other ground of preference, a 
sufficient reason to supercede the employment of wood for 
fires. 

It will be obvious, under these circumstances, that a very 
large quantity of coal must be consumed in this city. The 
sales from coal yards during the last year were nine hundred 
and thirty thousand bushels, and the probability is, that the 



CENSUS SKETCHES. 273 

supplies taken direct from boats at tlie river, which sell on 
their own account, would swell this amount almost or quite to 
one million bushels, as the annual consumption for small 
manufacturing establishments, and private families in the city. 
To this must be added the quantity required in the large 
iron-works, city water- works, &;c., which I estimate to be as 
much more, at least ; one establishment alone consuming 
ninety-five thousand bushels of this article a year. 

For this supply of coal the market depends principally on 
the regions of the Monongahela and Youghiogany, and the 
neighborhood of "Wheeling. A proportion, now about fifteen 
per cent, and increasing, of the whole quantity, is Ohio coal 
from the neighborhood of Leading creek, and Pomeroy, Meigs 
county, in this state. 

An article of such indispensable necessity, brought from so 
great a distance, and the supply of which is at times shut out 
by low water, has rendered it necessary for the citizens to 
make arrangements by which our families, even down to those 
lowest in circumstances, might be enabled to secure their pur- 
chases in the quantity which it might be convenient to re- 
ceive or to pay for at one time, and at a uniform price. This 
is accomplished through the Cincinnati Fuel Company, by 
whose capital and agency, adequate supplies are laid in during 
the season of navigation, and distributed to the stock-holders, 
and to others, when this supply exceeds the wants of its own 
members ; so as to protect the community from the extortions 
and fluctuations in price which the monopoly of this article 
in the hands of a few dealers, would be sure to produce. 

I have now reached my last page, and find, to my great re- 
gret, that space is not left for several subjects of interest I par- 
ticularly desired to refer to. One of them is a view of the 
facilities for making bar-iron here; in which I proposed to 
show that we have every thing necessary — capital excepted — 
to give this place the ascendancy over every point in the west 
in this manufacture. I shall avail myself of some othei chan- 
nel to present this interesting subject to the community. If 



274 CENSUS SKETCHES. 

my view be correct, it may serve to point out a profitable in- 
vestment for capitalists, and thereby remove the only obstacle 
that remains, to the establishment of heavy works of this sort. 

It was my desire also to present some interesting statements 
respecting our sculptors and painters, abroad and at home; 
and various testimonies from the Atlantic cities, as well as 
from Italy, the fiduciary of the fine arts, to their merit and 
excellence. 

Various interesting details I had prepared touching our co- 
lored population, are also shut out. 

In reviewing the extent to which my field of labor has en- 
larged in the progress of these pages, and the importance of 
subjects which should have been fully presented to the com- 
munity, the curtailment of which is rendered unavoidable by 
the limited size and number of my pages, I can only add with 
Sterne, " Let no man say, henceforth, I will write a duode- 
cimo,'''' 



APPENDIX. 



Not having before my eyes the fear of men, " who (in the 
lang-uage of governeur Morris) with too much pride to study 
and too much wit to think, undervalue what they do not un- 
derstand, and condemn what they do not comprehend," I ven- 
ture the prediction, that within one hundred years from this 
time, Cincinnati will be the greatest city in America ; and by 
the year of our Lord two thousand, the greatest city in the 
world. *' How wild," says an eastern friend : " how can 
Cincinnati, situated nearly a thousand miles from the sea, al- 
most in the very centre of the continent, rival our great sea- 
ports, Boston, New-York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and New- 
Orleans ?" Not so fast, my friend; perhaps it may be worth 
while to look to the source of your opinion, and then permit 
me to explain how an eastern man may be mistaken, though 
all his countrymen sustain his opinion. Until quite recently, 
the whole weight of population in these states lay along the 
Atlantic shore, on and near its tide waters, and a great propor- 
tion of their wealth w^as connected with foreign commerce, 
carried on through their sea-ports. These being at once the 
centres of domestic and foreign trade — grew rapidly — and 
constituted all the large towns of the country. The inference 
was thence drawn, that, as all our towns of greatest size were 
connected with foreign commerce, this constituted the only 
source of wealth ; and that large cities could grow up no where 
but on the shores of the salt sea. Such had been the experi- 
ence of the Americans, and the opinion founded on it was ad- 
hered to after the situation of the country in regard to trade 
and commerce had materially altered. It has not until lately 
occurred, even to many well-informed statesmen, that the inter- 
nal trade of this country has become, by far, more extensive, 
important and profitable than the foreign. In what ratio the- 
former exceeds the latter it is impossible now to ascertain, as 
!t has not, unfortunately, been considered one of the appropri- 

275 



276 APPENDIX. 

ate duties of the general government to collect the facts on 
which a knowledge of our internal industry and trade, to be 
accurate, must be based. 

The annual production of the industry of Massachusetts has 
been ascertained to be of the value of about one hundred mil- 
lions of dollars. If the industry of the whole nation were 
equally productive, its yearly value would be about twenty 
three hundred millions, (2,300,000,000) but as we know that 
capital is not so abundandy united with labor in many portions 
of the country as in Massachusetts, it would be an over esti- 
mate to make that state the basis for the whole nation. 

Fifteen hundred millions is, probably, near the actual amount 
of our yearly earnings. Of this amount about five hundred 
millions is consumed and used where it is earned, Avithout be- 
ing exchanged. The balance, being one thousand millions, 
constitutes the subjects of exchange, and the articles that make 
up the domestic trade and foreign commerce of the United 
States. Of these the value of those which enter into our for- 
eign commerce is on an average less than one hundred millions. 
For the fiscal year ending on the 30th of September last, the 
exports of all kinds of domestic growth were between ninety- 
five and ninety-six millions. This will leave upwards of nine 
hundred millions, or more than nine tenths, for our domestic 
or internal trade Supposing, then, some of our marts to be 
only adapted to foreign commerce, and, others exclusively 
confined to domestic trade, the latter would have nine times as 
much business as the former, and should, in consequence, be 
nine times as large. Although we have no great marts that 
do not, in some degree, partake of both, yet we have those 
whose situations particularly adapt them to the one or the 
other; and I wish it constantly borne in mind, that an adapta- 
tion to internal trade — other things being equal — is worth 
nine times as much as an adaptation to foreign commerce. It 
may be said, and with truth, that our great sea-ports have great 
advantages for domestic as well as for foreign trade. Since the 
peace of Europe left every nation free to use its own naviga- 
tion, the trade of our Atlantic coast has, doubtless, been five 
times as great as tliat carried on with foreign nations ; — as its 
tonage has been somewhat greater, and the number of voyages 
at least five to one of the foreign. 

Now, what is the extent and quality of that coast, com- 
pared to the navigable river and lake coasts of the west? 
We will see. From the mouth of the St. Croix to Sandy 



APPENDIX. 277 

Hook, the soil, in general, though sterile, is well peopled, 
and in a pretty good state of cultivation. In extent, includ- 
ing bays, inlets, and both shores of navigable rivers, and 
excluding Cape Cod, which is nothing but a sand beach, 
this coast may be estimated at nine hundred miles. From 
Sandy Hook to Norfolk, including both shores of Delaware 
and Chesapeake bays, and their navigable inlets, and exclud- 
ing the barren shore to Cape May, the coast may be com- 
puted at nine hundred miles more. And from Norfolk to 
the Sabine, there is a barren coast of upwards of two thou- 
sand miles, bordered, most of the way, by a sandy desert, the 
average width of which is not less than one hundred miles. 
Over this desert must be transported most of the produce 
and merchandise, the transit and exchange of which, consti- 
tute the trade of the coast. This barrier of nature must les- 
sen its trade, probably, as much as one-half. It will be a lib- 
eral allowance to say, that four thousand miles of navigable 
coast are afforded to our navigation by the Atlantic ocean and 
Gulf of Mexico. Of this, only about two thousand five hun- 
dred miles, to wit, from Passamaquoddy to St. Mary's, can be 
said to have contributed much to the buildinof' of our ffreat At- 
lantic ports. To the trade of this coast, then, are we to attri- 
bute five-sixths of the growth and business of Portland, Salem, 
Boston, Providence, New-York, Albany, Troy, Philadelphia, 
Baltimore, AVashington, Richmond, Norfolk, Edenton, Wil- 
mington, Charleston, Savannah, and a host of smaller cities 
and towns. Perhaps it will be said, that foreign trade is more 
profitable, in proportion to its amount, than domestic. But is 
this likely ? Will not the New-York merchant be as apt to 
make a good bargain with a Georgian as with an Englishman, 
of Lancashire ? Or is it an advantage to trade to have the wide 
obstacle of the Atlantic in its way? Do distance, and difficul- 
ty, and risk, and danger, tend to promote commercial inter- 
course and profitable trade ? If so, the Alleganies are a singu- 
lar blessing to the commercial men of our valley. " But" says 
our eastern friend "it is the foreign commerce that brino^s all 
the wealth to the country, and sets in motion most of the do- 
mestic trade." We will see. During the last fiscal year, for- 
eign trade brought us seventeen millions of pounds of tea; 
eighty-eight millions of pounds of coffee ; silk goods to the val- 
ue of near sixteen millions of dollars ; worsteds and linens to 
the value of upwards of eight millions ; woolen goods, about 
five millions ; manufactures of iron and steel, upwards of 

Y 



278 APPENDIX. 

twelve millions ; watches, parts of watches, and precious stones, 
near two millions ; wines, three millions and a half; spirits, 
a million and a half; sugar, upwards of seven millions ; cigars, 
a million and a quarter ; wheat, upwards of four millions ; mo- 
lasses, three and a half millions ; cotton goods, upwards of ten 
millions ; and china and porcelain, near two millions. Such are 
the leading articles of an import of one hundred and forty mil- 
lions, of which twenty-one millions were re-exported. Now 
I would ask, is it the eating, drinking, wearing, and using the 
above enumerated articles that make us rich, or is it the rais- 
ing the means of paying for them, that possesses this tendency ? 
Far be it from me to deny the advantages of foreign com- 
merce. Some of the articles above enumerated as introduced 
by it, add much to our substantial comfort, such as woolen 
and cotton goods, sugar and molasses ; and others, such as iron 
and steel, with most of their manufactures, give much aid to 
our advancing arts. But I am so much of a western man as to 
believe, that these would be just as valuable to us, if produced 
in the factories of Dayton, on the plantations of Louisiana, and 
in the furnaces, forges, and workshops of Pennsylvania ; and 
I cannot, for the life of me, understand why the dealing in 
those of foreign growth and manufacture, should have a ten- 
dency to enrich, while the dealing in the same articles of home 
growth and manufacture, have no such tendency. 

A disposition to attribute the rapid increase of wealth, in 
commercial nations, mainly to foreign commerce, is not alto- 
gether peculiar to our eastern brethren; fori find it combatted, 
as a dangerous fallacy, by distinguished writers on political 
economy ; particularly by Hume and Chalmers. The former 
maintains that the only way in which foreign commerce tends 
to enrich a country is by presenting tempting articles of luxu- 
ry, and thereby stimulating the industry of those in whom a 
desire to purchase is thus excited : the augmented industry 
of the nation being the only gain. Dr. Chalmers says that 
"Foreign trade is not the creator of any economic interest; it 
is but the ofhciating minister of our enjoyments. Should we 
consent to forego these enjoyments, then, at the bidding of our 
will, the whole strength, at present embarked in the service 
of procuring them, would be transferred to other services, 
to the extension of the home trade; to the enlargement of 
our national establishments ; to the service- of defence, or 
conquest, or scientific research, or christian philanthropy." 
Again: "The extent of our foreign trade is, in fact, limited 



APPENDIX. 



279 



by the means, or by the extent, of human maintenance in the 
hands of our inland consumers." Speaking of the foolish 
purpose of Bonaparte to cripple Britain by destroying^ her 
foreign trade, and its utter failure of effect, he says: ''The 
truth°is, that the extinction of foreign trade, in one quarter, 
was almost immediately followed up, either by the extension 
of it in another quarter, or by the extension of the home 
trade." " Even had every outlet abroad been obstructed, 
then, instead of a transference from one foreign market to 
another, there would just be a universal reflux towards a home 
market that would be extended in precise proportion with 
every successive abridgment which took place in our external 
commerce." " The destruction of our intercourse with any 
foreign land, between which and ourselves a prosperous and 
satisfactory trade may now be going on, will but stop an out- 
let for our commodities, and an inlet for theirs ; but will not 
destroy the maintenance which, through a process already ex- 
plained, now passes from the consumers of our imports to the 
manufacturers of our exports. It will influence the direction 
of our industry, but not the amount of it ; and leave to the 
industrious as good a wage and as liberal a maintenance as 
before." " The imports and the exports mutually limit and 
determine each other ; and, generally speaking, whatever for- 
eign trade a country can support, it is not in virtue of an ori- 
ginating force from without, but in virtue of an inherent ability 
that resides and has its origin within the territory." 

If these principles are true in their application to the British 
isles — small in territory, not naturally fertile, and presenting 
numerous natural obstacles to constructions for the promotion 
of internal commerce, and moreover located at the door of the 
richest nations of the world — with how much greater force do 
they apply to our country, having a territory twenty times as 
large, unrivalled natural means of intercommunication, with 
few obstacles to their indefinite multiplication by the hand of 
man ; a fertility of soil not equalled by the old world, grow- 
ing within its boundaries nearly all the productions of all the 
climes of the earth, and situated three thousand miles from 
her nearest commercial neighbor. 

Will it be said, that, admitting the chief agency in building 
up great cities, to belong to internal industry and trade — it re- 
mains to be proved that New York, and the other great Adan- 
tic ports, will feel less of the beneficial effects of this agency 
than Cincinnati and other western towns? To most men 
familiar with the geography and condition of the country, and 



280 APPENDIX. 

having a tolerable knowledge of political economy, any facts 
or reasoning to sustain the superior claims in this respect, of 
our cis-montane towns, would be superfluous. 

But, it is presumed that this article may meet the eyes of 
many whose thoughts have not before been particularly called 
to the subject, and whose will is not already predetermined 
against conviction. It should be borne in mind, then, that the 
^^ North American Valley,'^'' as bounded by Mr. Curry, in his 
late able article on that subject, embraces the climate, soils 
and minerals usually found distributed among many nations. 
From the northern shores of the upper lakes, and the highest 
navigable points of the Mississipi and Missouri rivers, to the 
gulf of Mexico, nearly all the agricultural articles which con- 
tribute to the enjoyment of civilized man, are now produced, 
or may be produced, in profusion. The north will send to 
the south most of its surplus of grain, flour, provisions, in- 
cluding the delicate fish of the lakes, horses, and the fruits of 
a temperate climate, — in exchange for the sugar, rice, cotton, 
and the fruits of the warm south. These are but a few of the 
articles, the produce of the soil, which will be the subjects 
of commerce in this valley. The intelligent reader, whose 
vision can stretch a few years into our future agricultural 
condition, may easily supply the deficiency. Of mineral pro- 
ductions, which, at no distant day, will greatly tend to swell 
the tide of internal commerce, it will suffice merely to men- 
tion coal, iron, salt, lead, and marble. Will Boston, or New 
York, or Philadelphia, or Baltimore, or New Orleans, be 
the point selected by us for the interchange of these pro- 
ducts ? Or shall we choose some convenient central point for 
these great exchanges? Some persons may be found, per- 
haps, who will claim this for New Orleans ; but the experience 
of the past, more than the reason of the thing, will not bear 
them out. Cincinnati has now more white inhabitants than 
that outport, although her first street was laid out, and her 
first log-house raised, long after New Orleans had been known 
as an important place of trade, and when she was already 
known as a considerable city; and although Cincinnati has 
had powerful, and, measurably, successful rivals to contend 
with, in the concentration of internal trade. 

It is imagined by some, that the destiny of this valley has 
fixed it down to the almost exclusive pursuit of agriculture, 
ignorant that, as a general rule, in all ages of the world, and 
in all countries, the mouths go to the food, and not the food 
to the mouths. Dr. Chalmers says, "the bulkiness of food 



APPENDIX. 281 

forms one of those forces in the economic machine, which 
tends to equalize the population of every land with the pro- 
ducts of its own agriculture. It does not restrain dispropor- 
tion and excess in all cases ; but in every large state it will be 
found, that wherever an excess obtains, it forms but a very 
small fraction of the whole population." " Each trade must 
have an agricultural basis to rest upon ; for, in every process 
of industry, the first and greatest necessity is, that the workmen 
shall be fed." Again: " Generally speaking, the excrescent, 
(by which he means the population over and above that which 
the agriculture of the country can feed,) bears a very minute 
proportion to the natural population of a country ; and almost 
nowhere does the commerce of a nation overleap, but by a 
very little way, the basis of its own agriculture." The Atlan- 
tic states, and particularly the eastern states, claim that they 
are to become the seats of the manufactures with which we 
are to be supplied; that mechanics, and artizans, and manu- 
facturers, are not to select for their place of business the sec- 
tion in which the means of living are most abundant, and 
their manufactured articles in greatest demand, but the section 
whicli is most deficient in those means, and to which their 
food and fuel must, during their lives, be transported hundreds 
and thousands of miles, and the products of their labor be sent 
back the same long road for a market. . 

But this claim is neither sanctioned by reason, authority, 
nor experience. The mere statement exhibits it as unreason- 
able. Dr. Chalmers maintains that the " excrescent" popu- 
lation could not in Britain, even, with a free trade in bread- 
stuffs, exceed one-tenth of all the inhabitants; and Britain, 
be it remembered, is nearer the granaries of the Baltic than 
is New England to the granaries of our valley ; and has also 
greatly the advantage over the latter in the diminished expense 
of transportation. But the eastern states have already nearly, 
if not quite, attained to the maximum ratio of excrescent popu- 
lation, and cannot therefore greatly augment her manufactures, 
without a correspondent increase in agricultural production. 

Most of the countries distinguished for manufactures have 
first laid the foundation in a highly improved agriculture. — 
England, the north of France, and Belgium, all naturally fer- 
tile, have a more productive husbandry than any other region 
of the same extent. In these same countries are also to be 
found the most efticient and extensive manufacturing establish- 
ments of the whole world ; and it is not to be doubted that 
the abundance of food was the chief cause of setting them in 



282 APPENDIX. 

motion. How is it that a like cause operating here will not 
have the same effect ? Have we not, in addition to our proli- 
fic agriculture, as many and as great natural aids for manufac- 
turing, as any other country? Are we deficient in water- 
power? Look at Niagara river and falls, where all the waters 
of the St. Lawrence basin fall three hundred and thirty -five feet 
in the distance of thirty-six miles. Look at the falls in the 
outlet of Lake Superior, amounting to forty-four feet ; and the 
falls of St. Anthony. Survey, also, the immense power of 
the water-falls in our large rivers over all our northern region ; 
and, above all, do not fail to take into your estimate the nu- 
merous great rivers on our eastern border, each of which falls 
hundreds of feet in its descent westward from the Alleghanies. 
Most of these falls are situated near water transportation, and 
when they shall be fully employed in propelling machinery — 
why — I will leave it to posterity, living in the year of our 
Lord three thousand, to provide for the contingency. 

And then we have beds of coal of vast extent, throughout 
the north-eastern and middle portions of the valley, which will 
suflice for driving all the steam-engines which may be wanted, 
even beyond the year 3000 of our era. 

Will laborers be wanting? Where food is abundant and 
cheap, there cannot long be a deficiency of laborers. What 
brought our ancestors (with the exception of the few who fled 
from persecution) from the other side of the Atlantic, but the 
greater abundance of the means of subsistence on this side ? 
What other cause has so strongly operated in the bringing to 
our valley the six or seven millions Avho now inhabit it ? The 
cause continuing, will the effect cease ? While land of unsur- 
passed fertility remains to be purchased, at a low rate, and the 
increase of agriculture in the west keeps down the relative 
price of food ; and while the population in the old countries 
of Europe, and the old states of our confederacy, is so aug- 
menting as to straiten more and more the means of living at 
home, and at the same time the means of removing from the 
one to the other are every year rendering it cheaper, easier, 
and more speedy ; and while, moreover, the new states, in 
addition to the inducement of cheaper food, now offer a coun- 
try with facilities of intercourse among themselves greatly im- 
proved, and with institutions civil, political and religious, al- 
ready established and flourishing, are farmers, mechanics and 
manufacturers — the young, the active, the enterprising — no 
longer to be seen pouring into this exuberant valley, and 
making it, with their energetic industry, as in times past? 



APPENDIX. 283 

If my readers are satisfied that internal trade must have the 
chief agency in building up our great American cities, and that 
the internal trade of the great western valley will be mainly con- 
centrated in the cities situated within its bosom, they may ask, 
how is this valley to furnish trade enough, within itself, to 
build up Cincinnati, so that, one hundred years from this time, 
it shall be a greater emporium than New York ? In the first 
place I answer, that, even now, in the infancy of our growth, 
with a comparatively sparse population, Cincinnati is growing 
about as fast as New York. But let us inquire into the pro- 
bable relative number of people on the Atlantic slope, and in 
our valley, at the end of the century which I have allowed for 
Cincinnati to overtake and surpass New York. Since the 
war of the revolution the population of our whole country has 
increased by a greater ratio than thirty-three and one-third per 
cent, for every period of ten years. Taking that ratio for the 
increase of the next hundred years, and taking thirteen mil- 
lions as the number in 1830, the number of our people in 
1938 will be upwards of two hundred and eighty-seven mil- 
lions. From this we will make the liberal allowance of fifty 
millions to the Atlantic states, and thirty-seven millions to the 
region west of the Rocky Mountains — thus leaving for our 
valley two hundred millions. The point, then, will be re- 
duced to the plain and easily solved question — whether two 
hundred millions of inhabitants will build up and sustain 
greater cities than forty millions. As our valley is in shape 
more compact than the Atlantic slope, it is more favorable to 
a great concentration of trade to one point. Whether that 
point shall be Cincinnati or Louisville, or St. Louis or Alton, 
it would be out of place now to discuss. I have at the outset 
assumed it to be Cincinnati, because that place having already 
with its suburbs across the river upwards of forty thousand 
inhabitants, by connecting my argument with that town, it has, 
at first blush, a less exaggerated aspect to the uninitiated, and 
because it may always maintain the precedence which it justly 
claims at present. The fact, that all the productions of a warm 
climate, which will be consumed by the country bordering the 
Lakes Erie, Huron, Ontario, and perhaps Superior, must be 
landed and reshipped here, to be forwarded through the Miami 
canal; and the productions of those lakes sent back through 
the same channel to the Lower Mississipi and gulf borders 
in return, will certainly give it, for a great length of time, a 
decided advantage over its rivals. But I am w^andering from 
the main point. It yet remains to be shown how I can sus- 



284 APPENDIX. 

tain the opinion, that by the year of our Lord two thousand, 
Cincinnati is to become the greatest city in the world. Ac- 
cording to the foregoing estimate, that our valley will, one 
hundred years from this time, number two hundred millions 
of people, the average per square mile, over its whole extent, 
would be about one hundred and forty. AVith all its agricul- 
tural capabilities fully developed, it will sustain nearly four 
times that number, which would raise our numbers up to 
nearly eight hundred millions. By lowering the ratio of in- 
crease for every ten years after 1940, from thirty-three and a 
third per cent, to twenty per cent, and calculating the increase 
upon that ratio up to the year two thousand, the numbers of 
the whole country will amount to eight hundred and ninety- 
four millions. During this period of sixty years, it is likely 
that the ratio of increase w^ill rapidly diminish, but, as it com- 
mences with a density of only one hundred and forty to the 
square mile, twenty per cent, is too low for the first half, and 
probably as much too high for the last half of the period. I 
have therefore adopted it as a fair medium. 

England, whose surface exhibits a considerable portion un- 
fit for tillage, with a population of two hundred and forty to 
the square mile, doubles it once in forty-two years, notwith- 
standing the great emigration thence to other countries. If 
then, it be allowed, that we are to have seven or eight hundred 
millions inhabiting this valley, by the year two thousand, and 
that too mainly of the descendants of Anglo-Americans, is 
there much room for doubt, that such a population must have 
for its center of business the greatest city then existing ? Is 
there on the earth, another region of as great extent, so fer- 
tile, so furnished with facilities for intercommunication, situa- 
ted in so good a climate, and in so rapid progress of settlement 
and improvement by so vigorous and intelligent a population ? 

Let us now see Avhat facilities for internal commerce nature 
has bestowed on the west ; and we need not, we trust, prove, 
at the outset, that the bank of a navigable river is at least as 
favorable for the lading and unlading of produce and merchan- 
dize as the shore of the Atlantic, and that the country in its 
rear can have as ready and as easy access to it for purposes 
of trade. It will be allowed then, that, for internal trade, the 
country bordering the Ohio, Mississipi, and other rivers ad- 
mitting steam navigation, are, at least, as well situated, as if 
laved by the waters of an ocean. Cincinnati being in our 
opinion, as before expressed, the leading city of the great 
western valley, we choose to connect that particularly with 



APPENDIX. 285 

our argument, not doubting, however, that other and very 
many great towns will grow up on the western waters. 

From Pittsburg to Cincinnati, both shores of the Ohio 
amount to more than nine hundred miles. From Cincinnati 
to New Orleans, there is a river coast of the Ohio and Mis- 
sissipi of more than three thousand miles. The Upper Mis- 
sissipi, from the mouth of the Ohio to the fails of St. Antho- 
ny, has one thousand six hundred miles of fertile shore. The 
shores of that part of the Missouri which has been navigated 
by steam, amount to four thousand miles. One of the nume- 
rous tributaries of the Missouri, the Yellow-stone, is repre- 
sented to be as large, and to afford as extensive navigation as 
the Ohio. The Arkansas and Red rivers, together, have not 
less extent of steamboatable waters than the Missouri. The 
shores of the Illinois, Wabash, Tennessee, Cumberland, St. 
Francis, White, Wachitta, and Des Moines rivers, as far only 
as those streams can be navigable by large steamboats, amount 
to about four thousand miles. Although the above enumera- 
tion leaves out a great many streams on which large steam 
vessels will, at some future day, ply for thousands of miles, 
it is believed that enough has been brouo^ht into this estimate 
for my purpose. Here, then, are fertile shores falling little 
short of twenty thousand miles, which can easily be visited 
by large steam vessels the greater part of the year. Accord- 
ing to Mr. Flint, the beatable waters of the Ohio and its tribu- 
taries alone, amount to five thousand miles, and those of the 
Mississipi, including all its tributaries and bayous, are esti- 
mated by the same author at forty tiiousand miles. Taking 
all these streams together, they probably afford facilities for 
trade nearly equal in value to the same number of miles of 
common canals. 

What reasonable man, then, having informed himself on 
the subject, can doubt that, in the midst of these wonderful 
facilities for trade, with such a soil, and peopled and peopling 
by the most active and enterprising, and, in some respects, 
intelligent population on the globe, prodigious cities must here 
grow up, and with a rapidity having no example on the Atlan- 
tic coast. You will look, in vain, on that border for towns 
exhibiting such rapid advances in wealth and population as 
Cincinnati, Pittsburg, and Louisville have experienced since 
1825. And who can doubt that they will continue to advance 
in a rapidly increasing ratio, unless Providence, by some un- 
foreseen event, should stop tlie tide of immigration, and dry 



•i 



886 APPENDIX. 

up the prolific sources of increase at home, which, in their 
wonderful fecundity, seem to insure us, at no distant day, a 
multitudinous population, independent of foreign supply. 

But our interior cities do not depend for their development 
altogether on the domestic trade ; they can partake, with their 
Atlantic sisters, of the foreign, also ; and if, as some suppose, 
the profits of commerce increase with the distance at which 
it is carried on, and the difficulties which nature has thrown 
in its way, the western marts will have the same advantage 
over their eastern rivals in foreign commerce, which some 
claim for the latter over the former in our domestic trade. 
Cincinnati may use the outports of New Orleans and New 
York, as Paris and Vienna use those of Havre and Trieste ; 
and it may come to pass, that steamships from Europe will 
enter our great lakes, and be seen booming up the Mississipi. 

To add strength and conclusiveness to the above facts and 
comments, do our readers ask for examples ? They are at 
hand. The first city mentioned in the Bible is Nineveh, situ- 
ated on the Tigris, at least seven hundred miles from its 
mouth. Babylon, built not long after, w^as also situated far in 
the interior on the river Euphrates ; in the fertile valley of 
which and of the Tigris, existed the densest population, and 
of course the greatest cities of that period. Indeed, most of 
the great cities of antiquity, some of which were of immense 
extent, were situated in the interior, and mostly in the valleys 
of large rivers, meandering through rich, alluvial territories ; 
for example, Thebes, Memphis, and Ptolemais, the ancient 
and once populous capital of Egypt. Other great cities of 
antiquity were located in the interior, without reference to 
facilities to commerce by water transportation, as Ecbatana, 
Palmyra, Balbec, and Jerusalem. Of the cities now known 
as centers of commerce, a large majority wdll be found, on 
examination, to have been built and sustained, almost exclu- 
sively by domestic commerce. What country has so many 
great cities as China? a country which, until lately, had no 
foreign commerce with enlightened nations. 

For the purpose of bringing the comparison home to the 
eyes and understandings of all, the outports and interior towns 
of the world, having a population of fifty thousand and up- 
wards each, are placed side by side. It should, however, be 
borne in mind, that many of the great seaports have been 
built, and are now sustained, almost exclusively, by the trade 
of the nations respectively in which they are situated. Even 



APPENDIX. 



287 



London, the great mart of the world, is 
much the greatest part of the support of 
from its trade with the United Kingdom. 



believed to derive 
its vast population 



Outports. 




Inteinor 


towns. 




London, 


1,900,000 


Pekin, ] 


1,300,000 


Paris, 


900,000 


Jeddo, 


1,300,000 


Hangtche 


- 


Benares, 


600,000 


Calcutta, 


650,000 


ou. 


600,000 


Macao, 


500,000 


Constanti- 




Sutcheon 


600,000 


Ringtchin 


,500,000 


nople, 


600,000 


Nankin, 


500,000 


Vienna, 


350,000 


St. Peters- 




Wootch- 




Patna, 


320,000 


burg, 


500,000 


ang, 


400,000 


Khaifung, 


300,000 


Canton, 


500,000 


Cairo, 


350,000 


Lucknow 


300,000 


Madras, 


450,000 


Nantch- 




Berlin, 


260,000 


Naples, 


350,000 


ang, 


300,000 


Delhi, 


200,000 


Dublin, 


300,000 


Futchu, 


300,000 


Mirzapore 


.,200,000 


New York 


270,000 


Moscow, 


260,000 


Dacca, 


200,000 


Lisbon, 


250,000 


Madrid, 


200,000 


Yotchu, 


200,000 


Glasgow, 


300,000 


Aleppo, 


200,000 


Huautchu 


,200,000 


Amsterdam 


,200,000 


Hyderbad,200,000 


Lyons, 


180,000 


Bombay, 


200,000 


Ispahan, 


.200,000 


Birming- 




Liverpool, 


200,000 


Suentchu 


200,000 


ham, 


170,000 


Philadel- 




Manches- 




Milan, 


160,000 


phia, 


180,000 


ter, 


200,000 


Cashmere, 150,000 


Palermo, 


170,000 


Mexico, 


180,000 


Leeds, 


140,000 


Surat, 


160,000 


Moorshe- 




Teheran, 


130,000 


Rio Janeiro 


, 150,000 


dabad. 


160,000 


Prague, 


120,000 


Manilla, 


140,000 


Damascus, 150,000 


Bagdad, 


100,000 


Hamburg, 


130,000 


Rome, 


150,000 


Tocat, 


100,000 


Bristol, 


120,000 


Edinburg 


140,000 


Poonah, 


100,000 


Marseilles, 


120,000 


Turin, 


120,000 


Ahmeda- 




Barcelona, 


120,000 


Warsaw, 


120,000 


bad. 


100,000 


Copenha- 




Brussa, 


100,000 


Baroda, 


100,000 


gen, 


120,000 


Erzeroum, 100,000 


Candahar 


100,000 


Smyrna, 


120,000 


Nagpore, 


100,000 


Sheffield, 


100,000 


San Salvador 


Lahore, 


100,000 


Saigon, 


100,000 


orBahia, 


120,000 


Orozein, 


100,000 


Adriano- 




Havana, 


120,000 


Balfrush, 


100,000 


ple. 


100,000 


Cork, 


110,000 


Herat, 


100,000 


Rouen, 


90,000 


Brussels, 


110,000 


Breslau, 


100,000 


Indore, 


90,000 


Bordeaux, 


100,000 


Kesho, 


100,000 


Tauris, 


80,000 


Venice, 


100,000 


Toulouse, 


90,000 


Gwallior, 


80,000 


Baltimore, 


100,000 


Jackato, 


80,000 


Gallipolis 


80,000 


Tunis, 


100,000 


Bucharia, 


80,000 


Munich, 


80,000 



288 



APPENDIX. 



Outports. 
Nantes, 100,000 
Hue, 100,000 

Bangkok, 90,000 
Seville, 90,000 

Gallipoli, 80,000 
Genoa, 80,000 

Stockholm, 80,000 
Boston, 80,000 

Massalipatan, 75,000 
Pernambuco, 70,000 
Lima, 70,000 

Greenwich, 70,000 
Valencia, 66,000 
Antwerp, 60,000 
Rotterdam, 66,000 
Limerick, 66,000 
Leghorn, 66,000 
Dantzic, 65,000 

New Castle, 60,000 
New Orleans, 60,000 
Batavia, 60,000 

Aberdeen, 60,000 
Cadiz, 53,000 

Hull, 53,000 

Mal:!ga, 52,000 

Belfast, 52,000 

Portsmouth, 50,000 
Trieste, 50,000 

New Guata- 

mala, 50,000 

Muscat, 50,000 

Algiers, 50,000 

Columbo, 50,000 



Interior 

Florence, 80,000 

Bucharest, 80,000 

Grenada, 80,000 

Lassa, 80,000 

Morocco, 75,000 

Peshawen, 70,000 

Barrenly, 70,000 
Kosnigs- 

burg, 70,000 

Salonica, 70,000 
Bosnaserai, 70,000 

Lille, 70,000 

Norwich, 60,000 

Santiago, 60,000 

Wilna^ 60,000 

Khokhan, 60,000 

Resht, 60,000 

Diarbekir, 60,000 

Mosul, 60,000 

Mecca, 60,000 

Bungalore, 60,000 
Aurunga- 

bad, 60,000 

Cordova, 57,000 

Padua, 55,000 

Liege, 54,000 

Stoke, 52,000 

Salford, 50,000 

Amiens, 50,000 
Trebizond, 50,000 

Tariga, 50,000 

Puebla, 50,000 

Hague, 50,000 
Nottingham 50,000 

Cairwan, 50,000 

Ava, 50,000 

Mysore, 50,000 

Boli, 50,000 



toivns, 

Ghent, 80,000 

Cologne, 75,000 

Ferrucka- 

bad, 70,000 

Quito, 70,000 
Guadalax- 

ara, 70,000 
Turgau, 70,000 
Bologna, 70,000 
Dresden, 70,000 
Wolverhamp- 
ton, 70,000 
Paisley, 60,000 
Perth, 60,000 
Cabul, 60,000 
Samarcand, 60,000 
Casween, 50,000 
Karahissar, 60,000 
Bassora, 60,000 
Mequirez, 60,000 
Burdwan, 60.000 
Oldham, 58,000 
Verona, 56,000 
Frankfort, 54,000 
Lemberg, 52,000 
Kazer, 50,000 
Strasburg, 50,000 
Kutaiah, 50,000 
Orfa, 50,000 
Cuzco, 50,000 
Metz, 50,000 
Bath, 50,000 
Constanti- 

na, 50,000 

Gondar, 50,000 

Rampore, 50,000 

Burdwar, 50,000 

Hamah, 50,000 



If it be said, that the discoveries of the polarity of the mag- 
netic needle, the continent of America, and a water passage to 
India round the Cape of Good Hope, have changed the cha- 
racter of foreign commerce, and placed the towns engaged in 



APPENDIX. 289 

it, in a much more favorable condition, than those of the same 
class previous to those events, it may be replied, that the in- 
troduction of steam in coast and river navigation, and of canals 
and railroads, to connect and bring into easy communication 
the most distant portions of the most extended continents, to- 
gether with a wonderfully improved system of road-making, 
are still more potent causes for the advancement of internal 
trade. 

The introduction of steamboats on rivers, and the construc- 
tion of canals, railways, and McAdamized roads, being of re- 
cent date, have not yet had time to produce the great results 
which they are inevitably destined to effect. The last ten 
years have been devoted to the construction of those labor- 
saving instruments of commerce, during which period, more 
has been done to facilitate internal trade, than had been ef- 
fected for the thousands of years since the creation of man. 
These great machines are but just beginning to be used ; but 
w^ho will cast his vision so far into the future, and embrace 
with it a horizon so wide, as to comprehend their effects with- 
in the North American Valley, when their energies shall have 
been brought to bear over all its surface ? In comparing the 
external with the internal commerce of other parts of the 
world, it should also be borne in mind, that, while many 
countries have territories bordering the ocean greatly superior 
to our Atlantic slope, no one government has an interior at all 
worthy a comparison with ours. 

It will be observed, that, in speaking of the natural facilities 
for trade in "the North American Valley," I have left out of 
view the four or five thousand miles of rich and accessible 
coasts of our great lakes, and their connecting straits. The 
trade of these inland seas, and its connection with the Missis- 
sipi Valley, are deemed to be subjects too important to be 
treated only incidentally in an article of so general a nature as 
this. At some other time, (if they are not previously discuss- 
ed by an abler hand,) I shall probably communicate some facts 
and observations thereupon. 

The subject of our internal trade cannot but be viewed as 
of vast importance ; and the writer is as well aware as the 
most fastidious reader can be, that the foregoing remarks upon 
it have fallen far short of its merits; but his object will have 
been accomplished, if his views, as herein expressed, serve 
to awaken the attention of reflecting men, and to urge them to 
a more thorough examination of its bearing on the prosperity 
and happiness of our glorious republic. J. W. S. 

Z 



290 APPENDIX. 

B 

OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE FIRE COM- 
PANIES OF CINCINNATI. 

Washington Fire Engine and Hose Company — No. 1. 

M. P. Taylor, President ; A. W. Patterson, Vice Presi- 
dent ; John H. Russell, Treasurer ; H. H. Martin, Secreta- 
ry ; E. Stuart, Messenger. 

Pat Lyon — Engine. Andr. J. Downes, Foreman; Samuel 
Sloan, Assistant Foreman; Nath'l Tousley, Samuel Sime- 
brough, George H. Dewitt, Charles T. Wilson, Thomas An- 
drews, Charles Kimball, Jacob White, Ferdinand Zeumer, 
John Hirshburg, Henry Hodler, Albert Doty, John McEnally, 
Cornelius Ryan, A. P. Jolniston, James Johnston, George 
Keefer, Wm. Moore, J. M. Blundell, A. N. Pearce. 

0/iio— Engine. Charles Chapman, Foreman; M. P. Tay- 
lor, James Mullen, George G. Smith, John Reed, Clemens 
Naylor, Wm. L. Cummins, Henry Pape, F. Rambo, Andrew 
Dinsmore, James Crawford, John Stansbury, Thomas N. 
Sowers, James Hossinger, John Crawford, John H. Heard, 
Daniel S. McCurdy, David Miles, Wm. H. McCracken, J. S. 
Ligget, John McDougal, Philo Sears. 

Ranger — Hose. Jacob Starr, Foreman; H. H. Martin, 
Assistant Foreman; Ephraim Stewart, Wm. Hadley, A. W. 
Patterson, Joseph McDougal, John H. Russell, Peter Han- 
len, Wm. Jacobs, James H. Crocker, Wm. Thorp, J. M. 
Brice, A. W. Plumley, Wm. Marshall, J. Conklin. 

Honorary Members. — David Griffin, Wm. P. Hughes, Jno. 
R. Johnston, Isaac Reynolds, J. S. Olmstead, M. M. Wil- 
liams, J. H. Bowen, Wm. Bromwell, O. Looker, Jas. Wilson, 
Martin Slough, Andrew Johnston, C. Roads, John Keown, H. 
Knowlton. 

Cincinnati Fire Engine and Hose Company — No. 2. 

Josiah J. Stratton, President; Joseph G. Rust, Vice Pre- 
sident; J. Young, Secretary ; Wm. Q. Hodgson, Treasurer; 
Ira S. Center, Messenger. 

Cincinnati — Engine. J. J. Stratton, President; Samuel 
King, First Director; J. Young, Second Director ; AVm. Q. 
Hodgson, Enoch J. Megrue, Milton Cook, George Houck, 
Isaac Treat, Jacob Kolp, Jacob Hurst, John Young, John W. 



APPENDIX. 291 

Brinkley, John M. Gest, J. Snoddy, Robert Quincy, Wm. 
Goshorn, David Bolser, James Mull, Lewis Young, P. P. 
Bodley, Steplien Aukey, E. Taylor, Charles Carnahan, John 
Davis, Eobert Hawkins, Henry Straub, Richard Smith, 
Charles Mitchel, Thomas Hunter, N. B. Cook, J. B. Miller, 
John Patrick, Samuel M. Stewart, J. M. Drake, James Fuller- 
ton, John Fox, Nicholas Flagg, Theodore Brooks. 

Reliance — Hose. Joseph G. Rust, Vice President ; T. G. 
Shaffer, First Director ; Joseph Sampson, Second Director; 
R. F. L'Hommedieu, William Blackall, Hiram Ford,' M. S. 
Whittingham, Jas. Schooly, Nathan Lupton, Merritt Conclin, 
George Hudson, Edward Rudolph, Joseph Rosborough, John 
Spinning, Wm. Attee, Robert Attee, C. Oppenheimer, Joseph 
Green, Henry B. Lovejoy, Wm. S. Baldwin, Ezra Baily, 
George W. Ryan, Wm. Lofthouse, Joseph Sampson, Warden 

B. Dennis, John Chamberlain, George Cornell, Jesse C. Jones. 

Relief — Engine. James Pierce, First Director ; Hutson E. 
Hughes, Second Director ; Ira S. Center, Harvey Decamp, 

C. G. Lawrence, Warren Richards, Isaac Watson, Nicholas 
Tyrack, Jno. Taylor, Jas. Coons, Pius Chambers, Washington 
Wyatt, E. H. Denman, Isaac Hubbard, Wm. Brown, Robert 
Hartley, Cyrus Fox, Richard Mitchell, N. B. Cutter, D. W. 
Scull, Jacob H. Morris, Lewis Rynier, J. M. Fullerton, 
James Norton, Francis Carey, James Mitchell, Jno. Blakely, 
Theodore Chambers, J. McDonald, William Cochrane, John 
Blackmore, Isaac Huland, T. J. Hart, George Tozier, John 
Wilsie, Oliver Thorp, Wm. Jones, Joseph S. Ross, William 
Lee. 

Independence Fire Engine and Hose Company — No. 3. 

Miles Greenwood, First Director; Wm* Disney, jr. Second 
Director; Thomas Spooner, Third Director ; Chas. R. Fol- 
ger, Secretary ; Wm. H. Comstock, Treasurer ; Jeffrey Sey- 
mour, Messenger. 

Constitution — Engine. Thomas Brooks, Foreman; Wm. 
G. Holley, Assistant Foreman; D. T. Disney, Wm. S. Kel- 
ley, J. W. Ricords, Thos. Empson, Isaac Wolf, G. T. Sey- 
mour, Wm. Ward, F. H. Ohlman, William J. Smith, Lewis 
Baily, Jas. Iliff, Chas. R. Folger, G. N. Frankenstein, J. L. 
Whetstone, A. M. Covert, G. T. Hogue, J. S. Woodruff, 
Nathaniel Wiley, J. D. Barnhart, J. R. Smith, A. 0. Moore, 
F. A. VaUette, C. H. Paddock. 



292 APPENDIX. 

Veteran — Hose. J. Hopple, Foreman^ George Leonard, 
Assistant Foreman; M. Greenwood, W. Disney, jr. S. Ball, 
D. Judkins, A. L. Burke, Albert Paddock, AV. Metcalf, jr. 
Henry Wood, E. H. Ogden, William L. Spooner, W. Howe, 
M. Scott, H. W. Aydelott, J. O. Butler, D. Stoddard, M. 
Reiclieimer, P. H. Lee, Jacob Meyers, Geo. Woods, Joseph 
P. Mayer. 

Liberty — Engine. J. J. Tranchant, Foreman; W. W. 
Northrop, Assistant Foreman; Jos. Goodloe, B. R. Alley, 
Daniel Robinson, M. White, L. Broad well, H. G. Eaton, 
George Toucey, P. Degraw, Thos. Butler, L. N. Nutz, H. 
J. Shane, J. N. Seibern, E. W. Herrick, C. A. C. Marpie, 
Samuel Talbert, H. H. Lewis, W. H. Comstock, Thomas 
Spooner, M. H. Comstock, C. Goodman, A. H. Lewis, H. 
Peachy, A. Harrison, G. Gassaway, J. M. McMaster, W. F. 
Evans, E. Nye, A. Watts, E. Owens, E. Converse. 

Life Members. — J. Martin, J. Williams, F. Deserens, J. 
G. Rice, J. Talbert, Frazee Clark, C. Deitrich, Jas. Foster, 
jr. J. Seymour, D. Weaver, Jas. Eshelby, W. B. Beall, Thos. 
Lawson, E. Wallin, C. Carman, Saml. HoUey, R. Haughton, 
B. McClenan, Robt. Rands, Alex. Paddock, H. L. Tatem, A. 
Webb, W. P. Hulbert. 

Honorary Members. — John Baker, Geo. Carlisle, W. E. 
White, J. D. Jones, Caleb Bates, Henry Clark, J. A. Simpson, 
S. C. Parkhurst, Griffin Yeatman, Nathan Guilford, Chas. 
Neave, Geo. Wood, James Gilmore, R. R. Springer, Griffin 
Taylor, Saml. Wiggins, Wm. Conclin, Wm. Wood, John 
Bates, J. Killough, Elmore Williams, Marston Allen, Joseph 
Hopple, W. S. Johnston, George W. Jones, L Wing, G. R. 
Gilmore, E. Coombs, Calvin Fletcher, J. Hicks, John H. 
Groesbeck. 

Franklin Fire Engine and Hose Company — No. 4. 

Samuel H. Taft, President; John A. Main, Vice Presi- 
dent; John C. F. Maggini, Secretary ; Thomas Bateman, 
Treasurer ; Jesse B. Bolin, Keeper. 

Neptune — Engine. Jacob Jacobs, Foreman ; Adam Anstet, 
Assistant Foreman; J. J. Humble, Michael Hummel, Joseph 
Cinnamon, Philip Keasler, A. L. Hollinger, Benjamin Ram- 
sey, Charles Hollinger, John B. Burner, Jacob Bidall, David 
Stedle, A. Rive, Frederick Hummel, John Seybold, J. H. 
Stiver, Samuel Keith, Jacob Swain, William Bowman, Dan- 



APPENDIX. 293 

iel Conahan, Jacob Snyder, Wm. C. Phillips, Peter Cooper, 
Robert Blake. 

Nymph — Hose. William Humble, Foreman; Wm. Mc- 
Locklin, Asssistant Foreman; John Jenkins, Otho Phillips, 
William Fortune, Jacob Crisman, Patrick Herbert, George 
Solar, Abraham Horn, James Humble, Frederick Von Seg- 
gern, John Hauck, Barnard Pardick, G. H. Plummer, Patrick 
Farmer, Joseph Bromwell, John Dennis, Richard Oats, Sam- 
uel A. Martin. 

Atlantic — Engine. Robert Waterman, Foreman; Charles 
Watson, Assistant Foreman; Benjamin Crone, Christopher 
Glardon, J. H. Buehner, Thomas Smith, William Oats, Rich- 
ard Cottam, Samuel Davis, Herrman Ficke, Frederick Heiter, 
Frederick Eckelmami, G. Shoulte, Solomon Newman, E. B. 
Dubell, Josiah Kirby, Frederick Schwenker, John H. Rea- 
man, John Ursall, James Vinson, Jacob Salomon, H. P. 
Spaulding, Joseph Firth. 

Honorary members.' — Nathaniel G. Pendleton, Edmund 
Dexter, John Humble, sen., Samuel C.-Ogden, James Wise, 
R. Lewis, Peter Outcalt, James Davis, Benjamin Phillips. 

Fire Engine and Hose Company — No. 5. 

A. Trowbridge, President; Charles C. Sackett, Vice Presi- 
dent ; David T.Snellbaker, Secretary ; N. W. Thomas, Trea- 
surer ; S. H. Franks, Messenger, 

Fame — Engine. Warren Finch, /l)re7««?i; Peter Dressell, 
Assistant Foreman; S. G. Ayres, John Chatten, Jno. Dres- 
sell, Frederick WiUiam Dalcker, Benoni Finch, Thos. Heath, 
D. A. King, Henry Lowrie, William Summers, B. Berring, 
John A. Cunne, Frederick Erick, Wm, Elliot, Louis Franks, 
J. H. Korte, Jno. A. Kennon, Hugh O'Donnell, John J. Wo- 
zencraft, George Wust. 

Canal — Hose. Enoch B. Scott, Foreman ; Charles W. 
Smith, Assistant Foreman; A. P. Bodley, H. M. Bates, Al- 
exander Delzell, F. R. Jackson, G. L. Murdock, J. M. Rob- 
inson, Alexis Spaeth, Alex'r Britton, Clement Coleman, Sam- 
uel Hetselgesser, F. Mitchell, J. Mitchell, T. Smith, sen. 

Jefferson — Engine. Benjamin Jennifer, Foreman; George 
Lawyer, Assistant Foreman; James B. Brown, Greenbury 
Crail, Samuel Douglass, William H. Gody, David Hoke, 
Thomas Kelpan, Casper Nendel, Philip Pierpound, George 

z2 



294 APPENDIX. 

Smith, Charles Thomas, N. Teneyck, Christian Zeigler, Ed- 
ward Brown, Samuel Corwin, Ira Dodson, Jno. Hoke, Val- 
entine Hust, C. W. Matlack, James McDonough, George W, 
JRunyan, AVm. Thompson, David J. Thomas, Andrew Thorp. 

Honorary members,'— John W. Coleman, H. S. Edmands, 
Charles Fisher, Warren Hartshorne, William R. Morris, H. L. 
Reeder, Geo. H. Shotwell, Jno. Wolf, John D. Walbridge, 
Charles S. Clarkson, Samuel B. Findlay, S. B. Hunt, N. P. 
Iglehart, Jno. Pullan, Adam N. Riddle, Stephen Schooley, 
James F. Torrence, G. W. Woodward, Edward Woodruff. 

Cincinnati Independent Fire Engine and Hose Company 

FentonLawson, President ; P. Wilson, Vice President; D. 
H. Home, jr.. Secretary; J. L. Wayne, Treasurer ; W. O. 
Shands, Chief Director. "^ 

Pilot — Engine. L. B. Harrison, Jos. A. Lewis, W. O. 
Shands, H. L. Zeumer, Directors; John Geyer, Samuel Peel, 
J. G. Smith — one vacancy — Assistant Directors; Harvey 
Fairchild, William Wood, C. S. Muscroft, G. W. Garretson, 
John C. Norris, R. P. Resor, Charles Burley, G. W. Lowe, 
R. W. Keys, AV. H. Abrams, Henry Thayer, W. W. Bake- 
well, R. McAlpin, Isaac Voorhees, J. P. Munson, Joel Bar- 
low, Moses Ranney, C. Eagan, D. S. West, Benjamin Bruce, 
J. L. Morris, G. W. Brooks, T. B. HubbeU, A. S. Ranney, 
F. Rammelsburg. 

Water Witch — Engine. John Whetstone, jr., P. Powell, 
John Graham, J. W. Johnston, Directors; J. C. Hill, W. G. 
Coffin, F. K. Martin, J. F. Torrence, Assistant Directors; 
N. Morrill, L. H. Shally, E. Kerrman, John M. Blair, Jos. 
M. Hueston, W. P. Smith, R. I. Cheeseborough, E. A. Auck- 
ey, Z. B. Coffin, J. B. Cobb, S. Tumy, S. Lovelace, AVilliam 
Ware, Thomas Lawson, jr., C. H. Sargeant, C. S. Morri- 
son, Charles Zeumer, E. B. Hinman, Alvan Cole, Henry S. 
Chase. 

Red Rover — Hose. Wright Smith, jr., Charles A. Reeder, 
N. McLean — one vacancy — Directors ; John M. Campbell- 
three vacancies — Assistant Director ; C. P. Carter, S. S. Mc- 
Murphy, S. Baldridge, J. Ernst, J. H. Walker, James T. 
Morgan, W. B. Carter, W. A. O'Reilly, James Belville, F. 
H. Sherwood, C. Elliott, W. C. Thorpe, Adam Kurtz, Jesse 
Hedger, Francis Develin, W. F. Bolser, C. H. Rihl, J. P. 
Louderback, J. D. Lovell, J. W. Hall, G. C. Muscroft, B. S. 



APPENDIX. ^^^ 



Scudder, William Young, L. J. Schell, T. P. Taylor, John 
H. Kirby, Thomas Ryan, John R. Myers. 

Life Members.— Uosiis Coffin, C. D. Dana, B. Urner, 
J. Waggoner, Samuel Scott, J. J. Haskins, George Graham, 
jr., S. Soards, John H. Carver, A. B Roff, B. R. Phelps, P. 
J. Adams, Jos. Thornton, Eden Marsh, AS. Reeder, N. S. 
Hubbell, J. L. Wayne, C. Westcott, S. Easton,L. Broad- 
well, William R. Smith, Thomas McLean, Hugh A. McLean, 
B. Keeler, John O. Clark, N. M. Noble, Joseph Pieixe, jr., 
M. Murray, James F. Noble, C. C. Walker, William Pierce. 

Honoranj A7em&ers.— Allison Owen, E. S. Haines W. 
Greene, S. E. Foote, N. Longworth, John P. Foote, J. Law- 
rence, T. D. Corneal, Wright Smith, sem, T. Walker, J. C. 
Wrio-ht, H. E. Spencer, R. B. Bowler, R. Buchanan, D. H. 
Horne, D. Gwynne, J. Kilgour, G. Luckey, E. Robnis Ca- 
leb Jones, J. S. Bates, C. Broadwell, Charles Duffield, S. S. 
L'Hommedieu, D. B. Lawler, B. Matlack, William S. John- 
ston, Vincent C. Marshall, David E. A. Strong, C S. Burdsal. 

Independent Fire Engine and Hose Comjmny—'No. 2. 
David Griffey, President; Francis G. Miller, Vice Presi- 
dent; Jos. Cartwright, Treasurer; Jos. Phillips, Secretary, 
2)f/i,o.e— Engine. John H. Empson, First Director; Ed- 
ward Shields, Second Director; Casper Castner, ^rc? Di- 
rector; John Bailey, Fourth Director; John H. Empson, 
Wm. Hoon, John Boggs, Brown Gillaspie, Jos. Clements, 
Jas. McCandless, Jno. Reiley, J. L. Cordingley, Wm. Cars- 
well, Jas. A. Loder, Lewis Weaver, Jas. O'Bnan, J as. Clan- 
cy, M. Edo-ar, Rich. Tudor, Edward Shields, Francis White, 
Sumner Whidden, Casper Castner, J. Baum, C Turner, H. 
T. Newton, J. Bailey, David Barr, John Johnston, John 
Townsend, Wm. Fosdick, M. Laughlin, Wm. Benson, J. C. 
Guelick, M. Macnamar, A. Clements. 

C«/«r«c^-Engine. F. Clements, First Director; Robert 
Alexander, Second Director; Samuel Boggs, Third Direc- 
tor; Hiram Banks, Fourth Director; Richard T. Waite, 
Jos. Cartwright, H. G. Hamlin, S. Boggs, Wm. Aarons, Hi- 
ram Banks, C. Sharp, B. Hatmaker, Robt. Alexander James 
Hall, John Aarons, D. A. Powell, Furg. Clements, Richard 
Conkling, Lewis Breese, James Thompson, Joseph ConraU, 
Henry Plunkett. 



296 APPENDIX. 

Pioneer — Hose. E. Clements, Mrst Directory R. Harvie, 
Second Director; James Irwin, Third Director; John Reid, 
Fourth Director; Geo. D. Allen, Jas. Irwin, Rup. Harvie, 
J. Davis, J. Christie, Jas. W. Hobson, John Lovejoy, Joseph 
Phillips, Enoch Clements, F. O'Reilly, Wm. G. Crippen, 
John Boffinger, P. J. Kelly, Geo. Hale, Geo. C. Eaton, J. 
Kiersted, Frank. S. Carpenter, James Hudson, J. B. Reid, 
Anthony White, A. S. Clements, A. Swaney, Arch. Little. 

Hook and Ladder Company. 

James S. Chamberlin, Foreman; A. B. Shaw, Assistant 
Foreman; William Murray, Treasurer ; Wm. G. Chamber- 
lin, Secretary ; Charles B. Frank, Steward; Jacob Houg, 
David Pfisterer, David Farmer, J. B. Covert, J. C. Brady, 
Christopher Retwiger, John H. Reid, John Bowring, John 
M. Clarke, Thomas Scully, Wm. Passmore, James Murfey, 

A. Fulwiler, Nelson Coddington, Edward Cruis, E. T. Kur- 
fiss, George Berriclo, Theron Hilton, Montgomery Stevens, 
H. B. Riddle, Oliver S. Tuttle, Jacob B. Hart, Wm. Reid, 
Frederick Vischer. 

Protection Society — No. 1. 

G. P. Torrence, President; E. Hinman, Vice President ; 

B. Smith, Secretary ; W. Schillinger, Treasurer ; E. Poor, 
Chief Director ; C. Andress, J. C, Copelen, P. Evans, C. F. 
Hanselraann, Wm. Medary, Jas. Saffin, Directors ; J. Arm- 
strong, C. W. Burt, J. Banks, M. Brown, D. K. Cady, J. 
Carr, G. Conclin, J. B. Clark, C. Cropper, R. Cohoon, J. 
Elstner, J. Ewan, J. Evans, J. Fobes, P. Gibson, J. K. 
Green, J. Hampson, G. W. Harlan, A. Higby, J. W. Jack- 
son, J. Jones, L. Kent, jr. G. Kinkead, H. Kesler, E. P. 
Langdon, J. McCord, S. Musgrove, H. Morse, O. Owens, J. 
W. Piatt, R. C. Phillips, S. Reed, J. Stout, S. Smith, W. 
See, J. Taylor, J. L. Vattier, J. Vaneaton, B. Vandergrift, J. 
Whetstone, Wm. Wiswell, J. Walker, G. Whann. 

Honorary Members. — Wm. Burke, S. Burrows, D. Cor- 
win, J. Davis, E. Dodson, A. Gibson, C. Smith, J. Smith, 
J. Shallcy, C. Tatem, E. Woodruff; Griffin Yeatman, A. 
McGrew. 

Cincinnati Fire Guards. 

D. C. Wallace, Chief Director; M. R. Taylor, Director 
of first division; E. A. Swasey, Assistant Director; E. 
Holman, Director of second division; J. Schwegman, Assist- 



APPENDIX, 297 

ant Director ; Benjamin Tappan, Director of third division; 
D. H. Shaffer, Assistant Director; Philip Hinkle, Director 
of fourth division; P. J. Richardson, Assistant Director; 
Robert J. Wharton, Secretary ; John P. Foote, Treasurer ; 
Charles Barnes, William S. Merrell, John Swasey, George 
Tait, Samuel Cloon, G. A. Kerr, Charles Davis, R. A. Little, 
Amos Gove, G. T. Williamson, Ezra Carpenter, George 
Crawford, J. L. Granger, Enion Singer, William M. Wool- 
sey, A. A. Wilkins, M. P. Cassilly, Allen Cullum, jr., Israel 
Wilson, William Orange, Jacob Traber, jr., Charles Mc- 
Micken, Robert W. Burnet, George W. Phillips, E. Winters, 
Jesse Justice, J. H. Woodruff, Daniel Butler, John F. Kem- 
per, T. J. Strait, John Hall, Henry Albro, Moses Hasson, S. 
S. L*Hommedieu, Henry Pearce, John Spring, Joseph Alex- 
ander, AVm. T. McMillen, James Egner, S. B. Munson, N. 
C. McLean, H. M. Florer, W. H. Henrie, Benjamin Atkin- 
son, Wm. Schillinger, jr. 

Fulton Company — No. 6. 

James Lowden, President ; Samuel Startzman, Vice Pre- 
sident ; J. M. Bishop, Secretary ; William F. Curren, Mes- 
senger. 

Robert Fulton — Engine. A. B. Latta, Foreman; John 
Wainright, Assistant Foreman; W. L Hazen, Jesse Bell, 
William Clark, William C. Hurdy, Alvin Davenport, William 
Jones, M. C. Meeks, Philip Behill, Caleb Moss, E. Atkins, 
Thomas Casey, Edward Murren, E. R. Hamilton, S. Mos- 
tosky, Samuel Tompkins, Wilber Wheeler, William Knowles, 
C. Shortzman. 

Fountain — Hose. D. H. Morton, Foreman; Thomas 
Jones, Assistant Foreman; Thomas E. Young, Frederick 
Shortzman, A. Weaver, M. G. Gaston, James Wentworth, 
James Byington, A. F. Temple, Thomas Jones, Philip Dis- 
tadt, Isaac Atkins, William Douey. 



APPENDIX. 

c 



CENSUS OF OHIO, 1840. 



296 



Free whites. 

Under 5 143,039 

5 to 10 111,893 

10 to 15 96,638 

15 to 20 81,633 

20 to 30 .-...• . 137,473 

30 to 40 85,649 

40 to 50 54,969 

50 to 60 40,844 

60 to 70 18,060 

70 to 80 7,734 

80 to 90 1,597 

90 to 100 192 

Over 100 48 



Total 779,769 

Males. 



Free colorer]. 

Under 10 



2,523 



10 to 24 2,671 

24 to 36 1,717 

36 to 55 1,178 



55 to 100 
Over 100 



527 
21 



Females. 

137,379 

109,870 

89,065 

84,822 

126,978 

75,695 

48,293 

25,007 

14,617 

5,554 

1,354 

170 

20 

718,824 

Females. 

2,601 
2,729 
1,631 
1,032 
464 
8 



Total 8,637 



8,465 



Total. 
280,418 

221,763 

185,703 

166,455 

264,451 

161,344 

103,262 

65,851 

32,677 

13,288 

2,951 

362 

68 

1,498,593 

Total. 

5,124 
5,400 
3,348 
2,210 
991 
29 



17,102 



RECAPITULATION. 

Whole number of free white males 779,769 

Whole number of free white females 718,824 

Whole number of colored males 8,637 

Whole number of colored females 8,465 



Total population of Ohio 1,515,695 

White. Colored. 



Deaf and dumb 

Blind 

Insane and idiots at private charge 
Insane and idiots at public charge 



522 

348 
347 

797 



22 
20 
52 

47 



Total 



2014 



141 



APPENDIX. 299 

Employments, 

Mining 620 

Agriculture 272,662 

Commerce 9,186 

Manufactures and trade 650,071 

Navigation of the ocean 98 

Navigation of canals, lakes and rivers 3,413 

Learned professions 5,362 

Total number of 
Pensioners for revolutionary and military services . • • . 616 

Universities or colleges 16 

Students in universities or colleges 1,577 

Academies and grammar schools 66 

Primary and common schools . 4,974 

Scholars in common schools 164,317 

Scholars at public charge 37,249 

White persons over twenty years of age who cannot 

read and write . 34,552 

D 

OHIO CANAL COMMERCE. 

Abstract of the business of the Ohio Canal for 1839 and '40, 

Of property on which toll is charged by 

weight, there arrived at Cleveland, by 

way of the canal, during the past year . • 280,233,820 lbs. 
During 1839, there arrived 186,116,267 lbs. 

Being an increase of 94,117,553 lbs. 

The following are the principal articles of property that ar- 
rived at Cleveland, by way of the canal, during the years 
1839 and 1840: 

1839. 1840. 

Bushels of wheat 1,520,477 12,151,450 

Do. corn 65,825 72,842 

Do. oats 15,901 22,881 

Do. mineral coal 140,042 167,046 

Barrels of flour 266,937 504,900 

Do. pork 30,535 23,000 

Do. whiskey 6,020 9,967 

Pounds of butter 119,727 782,033 

Do. cheese 200 22,890 



300 APPENDIX. 

1839. 1840. 

Pounds of lard 769,805 413,452 

Do. bacon 1,316,273 683,499 

Do. pig-iron 767,300 1,154,641 

Do. iron and nails 48,659 2,242,491 

Hogsheads of tobacco 327 932 

Pieces of staves and heading 778,931 634,954 

Cords of wood 3,070ii 2,809^ 

Of property on Avhich toll is charged by weight, there were 
cleared at Cleveland, by way of the canal, during the past 
year 42,772,233 lbs. 

During the year 1839, there were cleared. • 64,342,351 lbs. 

Being a decrease of 21,570,118 lbs. 

The following were the principal articles of property that were 
cleared at Cleveland, by way of the canal, during the years 
1839 and 1840:— ^ 

1839. 1840. 

Barrels of salt 110,447 76,729 

Do. lake fish 9,062 8,959 

Pounds of merchandize 17,454,703 9,463,396 

Do. furniture 1,623,155 1,215,167 

Do. gypsum 2,631,730 1,770,046 

Feet of lumber 3,050,192 1,265,656 

M. of shingles 3,216^ 2,560^ 

Pairs of millstones 30 21 

D. H. BEARDSLEY, Collector. 








i ;^ .^). ^^ 



:.^ 



1^ |'%>i-^ 



^^ 



7 O O , <rO O 

ECLECTIC SCHOOL BOOKS, 

PUBLISHED AND SOLD BY 

TRUMAN & SMITH, 

iHaiit, bctotcn 4tlj mitt 5tl) Sts. 

CINCINNATI, 

Up Stairs. 



This valuable series of School Books has met with a degree of popular 
favor beUeved to be unparalleled in the annals of the country. They have 
now become ihe 

STANDARD SCHOOL BOOKS 

of the West and South, and information has reached us of their introduc- 
tion into the Schools of Texas. The strongest possible evidence of their 
superiority over other School Books before the public, may be found in the 
simple fact that more than 

SEVEN HUNDRED THOUSAND COPIES 

of these Books have been published within the short time they have been 
before the public. The following works comprise the Eclectic Serie-s: 

Eclectic Primer, \ Ray's Little Arithmetic, 

Eclectic Spelling Book, \ Ray's Rules and Tables, 

Eclectic First Reader, I Miss Beecher's Moral Instructor, 

Eclectic Second Reader, ] Mansfield's Political Grammar, 

Eclectic Third Reader, \ Mason's Young Minstrel, a new 

Eclectic Fourth Reader, \ Juvenile Music Book. 

Bay's Eclectic Arithmetic, \ 



The demand for these Books is very heavy; but none need apprehend 
that the supply will not be commensurate with the demand. 

Published and Sold in any quantities by 

TRUMAN & SMITH. 



BRITTANIA WARE FACTORY. 



SELI.EW Si. € 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

3Slavn-St. TjeWeen TiftVi & SixtVi, 
CIN CINN ATI. 

|3> All kinds of Brittauia Ware repaired at short notice. .CI 

Mo Bo MUMMAK, 

DEAIiEB IN 

DRUGS, MEDICINES, PAINTS, 

ills, iwif iFii m wijNjiiW-tiLA\if. 

3^0. 2, €awtx Maxktt Stxttt, 



O* Agent for the sale of Darid I^andreth's C;arden and 
Flo-wer Seeds. 



-^^^^^.i;s^/\^^^0^^.^rs^^i^^ 



DEALER II 

148 THAIN STREET, 

CINCINNATI. 



jCT'The highest market price paid for FURS. 



ISAAC YOUNG, 

-w'HOZiHSii.i.i: & hhtaiIm 
SADDLE, HARNESS AND TRUNK 

MAliUMCTURER. 
H^To. 100 ittalu Stnd, Cincinnatt, 

Keeps constantly on hand and for sale, a superior assortment of 

„^x, i^ i:2:> i:^a im 02. '^s' o 

Also — a general assortment of 

q;j» S u i t a b 1 e for country trade. ,r3) 



STODDARD & ALEXANDER, 
€OAI. 8l COKE 

€ast Jront, bctoccn |Jik£ &; Butler 0tmt0, 

— — >-#-M«--= 

N. L. COLE, 

EAST FIFTH, NEAR MAIN, OPPOSITE DENNiSON HOUSE. 
UMBRELLAS AND PARASOLS, 

Wbalebone and Sone for Corsets, and Corset Bone. 



(Xjr' Repairing neatly done at the above store, jp^ 



FRENCH BURR MILL-STONES 



^o BMAIDIF®BID) & (0®o 

May be found at work on the corner of Walnut and Second Streets, Cincinnati, 
Ohio, and are prepared to furnish French Burr Mill-Stones, of a superior quality to 
any establishment in the western country. Also, 

Screen f^tre atCts Mnuttv oi Jpari% 

MILL-IRONS, &c. &c. 

fi^" All work M^arranted, and bargains given for cash. .CI 



O. & F. CLOUD, 

Mare constantly on hand 

LAW, IViEDlCAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 

With tlie current literature of the day. 

DRAPISB. & TAIlsOR, 

m. 261 JHaiu Street, 



W. TEASDALE, 

I®1^ BIB ItW^^d 

-WJLIiITUT STREET, 

WEST SIDE; BETWEEI SIXTH AID SEYEITH. 



DYING, SCOURING, STEAM FINISHING, &C. 

Carpets, Tabic and Piano Covers, cleaned. 



KOLP & MYERS, 



■l. 1^0" TBU" 3^r^ J9^ «I3 rsc TKIJ- DK«. 1^5:: JOt 9^ 9 
SOUTH-EAST CORNER OF BROADWAY AND EIGHTH STREET, 

Edge Tools furnished Wholesale and Retail, at short notice, and 
on reasonable terms. 



\^^\ff^ffsff4f^ht^^*«*m 



TIN, COPPER & IRON PLATE WORKERS, 

AN© MAIVUFACTUKEKS OF 

HOT AIR FURNACES, STOVES, &C, 

VINE, THREE DOORS BELOW FIFTH ST. 



3J. CEoatii aamiis matje anU reiiaCretr, 



UPHOLSTERY AND CABINET WAREHOUSE. 



MAIUFACTnKES 

And keeps constantly on hand, at wholesale and retail, 

TABLES, BEDSTEADS, BEOS, MATRESSES, &C. 

Of the best quality, at reduced prices. 

NO. S3 FIFTH STREET, 

SOUTH SIDE, BETWEEN WALNUT AND MAIN, 

CINCINNATI. 
UPHOLSTERY, 

THIRD STREET, BETWEEN MAIN AND SYCAMORE. 

CINCINNATI, 

Wijtxz ctrc ^anufacturetr antr constantlw on ijanti 

"Well made, of Crood Materials, and the liowest Prices. 

(DlffilEnEOiri, (DHJBTAlIiri (& (OAMFUfi 



Made to order at the shortest notice 

Captains and owners of Steam-boats are requested to call 
and judge for themselves. W. R. JACKSON, Ag't. 



CABIIET 
FURHITURE WARDROOMS, 



A few doors east of Main Street, 



Elegant and fashionable Fnrnitnre al^'ays on hand. 



ROWIiAND ELLIS, 

WEST THIRD STREET. 



Solrent Bank notes, Oold and Silver, and Exchange on NeTr 

ITork, Philadelphia and Baltimore, bought and 

sold at the most favorable market rates* 



'<^^>v \^^^^\^^^^V^**«- 



Mo Ho 0-(n)©ID)MAKr & 0©, 

EXCHANGE BROKERS, 
Ko. ill Main Street, 



-^w^AlMA^^-^^gggl^g^/^^^^^WJW^. 



W. M. C OR R Y, 



iji 

lORTH WEST CORMER 



OFFICE OF THE WESTERN 

PUBLISHED BYE. J. HOOPER; 

EDITED BY 

E. J. HOOPER & THOMAS AFFLECK, 

AND 

A\iiijomTiiM & iiiTruwniM 

STo. 93 Mam Qtxtd, tljlrt iroor bdom ^taxl, 

[UNDER THE MUSEUM] 

c^ n 5^3^ c^ ^ S3^ S3^ ..^^ ^^:p a: o 



The " Western Farmer and Gardener " is a monthly periodical, of 24 
octavo pages, highly illustrated — the six first numbers of the second volume 
alone containing thirteen highly finished copperplate engravings, by Foster, 
and as many wood-cuts — published at one dollar per annum, in advance. 



-*^r^.^<^(^^^^^^7^-^^|•^^•|^^-^^^V^<^<^;^,(^«^^#**. 



PRINTING OFFICE 



AND EVERY VARIETY OF 

BOOK AND JOB PRINTING 

Done at the shortest notice and in the neatest manner, at the 
Office of 

NORTH WEST CORNER OF MAIN AND FIFTH STREETS, 



PAPER HANGINGS. 



Manufacturers &; Importers, 



N0. 193, MXaxn QtxttU 

WEST SIDE, BETWEEN FOURTH «& FIFTH. 



Wi^iiiin ©MTi m§ mm 



'3 



JAMES DEERY, 

SOUTH SIDE FIFTH, 

3ttwttn |)lum Street anir lUesternrotu, 
CINCINNATI, 

Makes and repairs all kinds of 

CARRIAGES, WAGONS, CARTS, DRAYS, &c, 
JSlatfesmfthCnu tn general, also. 



H. H. B O R G M A N N, 

THIRD STSEET, 

Oi;>Tposite. tTie Post Office, 



NUTZ & T IMPS ON, 



INSTRUMENT MAKERS, 

Third Street, 2 doors East of the Post Office, 

CIXCIJVlVATr, 

PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS & APPARATUS. 



194 COLUMBIA ORSlCOlfD STRUT, 

BETWEEN BROAD AV AY AND LUDLOW STREETS, 



■«^^>-; <,/^\/hif'^hC^/hff^ff^^***' 



GEORGE W. COFFIN & CO. 

No. 194 
COLUMBIA OR SECOJVD STREET, 

BETWEEN BROADWAY AND LUDLOW STREETS, 

(S]iir©iisrirAi]i, @ihiii©o 



CHURCH, ACADEMY, STEAM-BOAT AND TAVERN 

IS S:^ I^a IlLa ^ Q 



HOSE. & SALT-WELL JOINTS. 

Brass Castings of any weight not exceeding 3000 lbs. cast on a 
day's notice. 

f^* Old Brass and Copper taken in exchange. Jff 






BARTON WHITE, 

MASUf ACTDRIR; 
Q/\o-. ^42 tT U.OCUVICH©, one Oool atoi>e ^ointft Ot. 



****^^^^^^\^NN/^(^^-'^'^^^\^'^'^^^^^^*^- 



Wm. H. Ross. John Oeyer. 

WESTERN CHAIR MANUFACTORY. 



CINCINNATI. 



s/^Si. iiLUNJii A\NJi iiiii. 



HOUSE CARPENTER AND JOINER. 



JOBBING OF All KINDS DONE WITH PROMPTNESS. 



STortl) Slit of Cljirlr, bttrocm lace &^ €lm 0t0. 



LUMBER, SHINGLES, &c 



€orner of S^ace an"a Seconti Streets, 

CINCINNATI. 



Kl* Constantly on hand all kinds of building niaterialst ^ 



o. Mcdonald, 



©HlKDIElfirAlH, 

Iflakes every description of 

PLANTATION WAGONS, OX CARTS, 

AND HOISTING WHEELS FOR STORE HOUSES. 



PROCTER & GAMBLE, 

SOAP AND CANDL.E 

AND STARCH FACTORS, 



CINCI NNATI ARCADE 



Sjjcamcre Street, betroecn ^ifxv^ aui) Jourtl), 

OPIPOSITE THE NATIONAIi THEATKE. 

This well known establishment is open every day, where 

fVarm, Cold^ Shoiver and Salt Baths, 

can be had at all times and seasons. To the Ladies' apart- 
ments the entrance is on the south side of the building, where 
a respectable female will attend them. 

Spare Bathing Tubs, for the accommodation of Invalids, 
sent to any part of the city. ARCH'D. AVOODRUFF. 



^€^. C^ .^ 113. ^^ 



PRINTING INK. 



Office, Eighth, two doors West from Main. 
CINCINNATI. 



The subscriber is prepared to furnish the Newspaper press 
of the West with PRINTING INK of his own manu- 
facture. The Daily Gazette affords a specimen of its qual- 
ity, that paper having been printed with Ink from his factory, 
for some weeks past. The same article has also been used 
in various other offices, both in the city and country. 

This Ink is recommended to all who have experienced the 
difficulty of procuring a constant supply of Eastern Ink, and 
feel disposed to encourage Western enterprise. 

GEORGE GUILFORD. 



BIEo M®S^AHM 



i if 9 

FroUK Frauace—Many years a resident of Cinciaiiatl, 

Performs 

Surgical or illcrljamcal €>paation0, 

APPERTAfflld TO THE PHOIESSIOI, 



icr Office on Fourth Street, West of Main, North side. 



mimn i? ™^^ ei 



JAMES M^CLEARY, 
HOUSE CARPENTER AND JOINER, 

' Sonth side of Fifth, betweea Race and Tine Streets, 



PAUL RUST & SON, 



ANU 



€oxntx of CongtDortI) anb |)lttm Sixttts, 



Are prepared to attend Funerals on the shortest notice. 



HARDWARE AND CUTLERY. 

John P. Broad well. Thomas Spooner* 

Wholesale and Retail dealers in 

iToretgn anh WomtBtit 
HARDWARE AND CUTLERY: 

XO. 19T MAIX STREET, 

WEST SIDE, BETWEEN FOURTH AND FIFTH STREETS, 

© n ss' 2 ss" ^ A s n 



13* An extensire and general assortment of Building materials, 
of the Tery best manufacture,— Xldge Tools, Saws, Chisels, &e, &€• 

ALSO 

Every class of Hardware Goods suited for the Country trade and to the 
furnishing of Families, Hotels and Steam-boats, always on hand and for 
sale low, and on accommodating terms. 



*^**^^^Nr\ff\ff'^(^^>'^^^'^^^\^''4N^'^^^^'^***** 



JOHN A. ROWAN, 

mmt umtmm & mmm. 

And manufacturer of 

South side of Columbia Street^ 



MRS. WESTERFIELD, 

AND DEALER IN 

MILLINERY AND LACE GOODS, 

EnyrBRorDERiT, &c, 

143 iHain Stmt, hdxvmi ^\x^ $^ ibitrtlj, 
CIlSrCIlVKATI, 

Keeps constantly on hand a splendid stock of 

LiiHjiiNi, mum mm mmkw 



t 





1:^^11 ca^is^(^ LSI c^c^ II3i^3i0.cilc 



ABTIFICIAIi FliOTVERS, JPARIS RIRBONS, PI^AIN AN]> 
FIOURED SIIiKS, SATEVS, &c. 

Suitable for bonnets and dresses, which she is prepared to manufacture in 
the most fashionable style. 



GLASS CUTTING ESTABLISHMENT, 

Corner of JiftI) and |)ikc Streets, 

C^ £2 SS" (^ 52 S2r SsP >^:^ 'C? ESg 

Keep constantly on hand a general assortment of 

m^ M3) iPiLMi mi^u mm, 

'Which they ^vHl sell as cheap and on as liberal terms as 
any other Fstablisluuent. 



Window Glass obscured, and cut to any pattern desirable. 









They have in their Printing establishment a careful and ex- 
perienced Superintendent, and five Power Presses in good 
order, propelled by water, each of which can throw off daily, 
five thousand impressions ; and have also superior facilities for 
drying and pressing sheets as fast as printed. 

The style of Printing done on their Power Presses can be 
seen by examining Judge M'Lean's Reports, Howard's Re- 
ports, Cincinnati in 1841, and the Life of Tecumseh; — the 
Eclectic Series of School Books, and Music books, published 
by Truman <fe Smith ; — the Family Magazine, a large 8vo. 
with many plates, and the Political Text-book, a small 32mo., 
published by J. A. James & Co. ; — the Farmer and Gardener, 
the Texian Emigrant, and Watts' Psalms and Hymns, pub- 
lished by George Conclin. 

E. M. & Co. have also an extensive Bindery, with a first 
rate Ruling Machine, under the charge of a skillful workman ; 
and, in addition to binding and re-binding books in any man- 
ner that may be wanted, are prepared to make every descrip- 
tion of BLANK BOOKS, ruled to any pattern, and bound in 
the neatest and most substantial manner. Their style of bind- 
ing blank work may be seen in the Commercial, Franklin, and 
Lafayette banks. 

|Q°* Circulars, Cards, Bills of Lading, Notes and Check 
books, printed at the shortest notice ; — and Blank forms of any 
kind printed, ruled and bound to order. 



TOWNSEND, HILLS & CO. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 



im m^ ]mi £\ iff; 



|)lnm, bttmtm 0«outr anit Sljirb Sts. 
CINCIIVIVATI. 



^iftaia® ^a^ ^AEwia#4 



A. W. ANDERSON, 

Second, between Walnut and Tine StrcetS) 



ROBERT A. SMITH, 



a liH ^ 



WE8T SIDE WALIUT BELOW THIRD STREET; 
CINCINNATI. 



QljP Office-desks, Counting-tables, Book-cases, ladies' Writing-tables and 
Covintinghouse-desks, of the best materials. 



In the Basement Story of the Post-Office Building. 



EXECUTES ALL KINDS OF BOOK-BINDING, 

In a neat and substantial manner, at short notice. 
§3* Books ruled to order, 411 



GEORGE CONCLIN, 

|)ubli0l)cr, Bookseller, ©totioncr, 

AND 

siMi mm wmmmmm^, 

NO. 55 MAIN STREET, 

Publishes the following Books, and has them for sale in any quantity: — 

Practical Farmer, Gardener and Housewife, 

Texan Emigrant, 

Gallaher's Watts' and New Select Hymns, 18 & 32mo. 

life of Col. Daniel Boone, 

life and Adventures of Black Hawk, 

Western Pilot, a new Navigator of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, 

A New Map of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, 

A New and Improved Account Book. 

Hall's Western Reader, 
Webster's Elementary Reader, 
Primary Reader, 

American Common-School Reader, 
American Common-School Primer. 



WINDSOR AND FANCY 




Si St. "between M.aiii & S^canaoYe, 

One door East of the Mayor's Office, 

Manufactures and keeps constantly on hand, wholesale and retail, 

wpjwi & mmm mm%j mrmi% m. 



fS" Signs painted with neatness and despatch. .CI 



W. & G, W. ROBSON, 



ra m 



Qttonb Strcd, bettoti^n ilTain aiA tOalnut, 
CINaiNNATl: 

Manufacture and hare constantly on hand, a large and general 
assortment in their line, such as Copper Wash, Stevr, Tea and 
Olue Kettles; Still and Hatter's do.; Engine, H^ell, Cistern and 
liiquor Pumps ; liift and Force Pumps, for wells and distilleries, 
Soda-founts and Stands; Patten's Generator for making Soda 
T^''ater, &c. 

N. B.— We manufacture at all times Brew Kettles front 300 to 
3,000 gallons. 

Iff" Engine work done on shortest notice and in hest manner. 



>g 



1^0. 5 O^ost iront 0trc£t, 



PRODUCE, FORWARDING, 

AND 

CORNER BROADWAY AND FRONT STREETS. 

CINCINNATI. 



tp 



J. D. CONWELL & CO. 
CABINET, CHAIR AND SOFA 

On the East side of Broadway, between Front and Second Streets, 



- (^ They would invite the public to call and examine their present stock 
of Cabinet Furniture, which comprises some of the handsomest articles 
ever got up in this city. 







& 



'^2'ttiair^c£l ^liir^cscsac 



;lltlM4tl. 



(;^ Locks for dwelling houses of every description. — Store, bank and 
prison Locks made to order ; — also, Bells hung and Locks repaired. 



^*#^->><^<^^^^v^^^■,^^p^; ^j^jX'-t^^' ^^^^INNNnn^^*^** 



]>flA]L.ER IN 



m. Ill iltdn Stmt, 



11:2 Si 11^9 



AND 



^< 



2(ro. 03 JUam, autr 3 J)earl 0tmt0, 



€ir¥CI]\]VATI MACHIl^E WORK8, 

AND 

MACHINE CARD MANUFACTORY. 



Office ou TTalnut, near Front Street. A. C. BROWN, Agent. 

WOOIiEIV MACIIKVERir of all descriptions, built on the latest 
style, and of the most approved construction. 

MACHEVE CAB1>S of Etert Description, warranted of the best 
quality. 

GENTRY'S PATENT PORTABI.E FRENCH BURR STONE 
JYIIlili, being the latest patent, and most approved construction. 

BAIiB^WTWS PATENT PORTABUE iriETAI.i:.IC STOCK. 
Mllili — a very superior constructed Machine, for grinding Com and 
Cob together, and other grain into meal, for stock-feed. 

liearitt's liate Improved Patent Anti-Freezing FIRE-ENCrlNE, 
TVEl-Ii, ANO CISTERN PUITIPS, FIRE ENGINES on wheels, 
liead Pipes, Riveted Hose, &c. &c. 

AGRICUIiTURAl. MACHINERY, of the latest and most ap- 
proved inventions, including Horse Powers, Thrashing Ma- 
chines, Cotton and Hay Presses, Hemp Breaking Machines, 
Corn Shellers, Clover Hullers, Stra-«v Cutters, Corn Planters, 
drilling Machines, Fanning Mills, &;c. &c. 



m 



m 



CINCINNATI 

Em ^^< 

Jfortt) to^0t corner of ®l)ir^ anb Sycamore, 

Second door abore G. G. Bowen's, 

Has constantly on hand, 

FANCY AND WINDSOR CHAIRS, 

ROCKING CHAIRS ANB SETTEES, 

Of every description. 



IJortrait, irancg Ij^kinvz anir £anlrsmpe Patn1xr0. 
JAS. H. BEARD, 

Footc's RoYT, Thii'd bet^^eeu Tine and Tl^aluut Streets. 

G. N. FRANKENSTEIN^ 

Fourth, near Tine Street. 

W. P. BRANNAN, 

Comer of Court and Main Streets. 



A. BALDWIN, 

Corner of Court and Main Streets. 

T. W. WHITTRIDGE, 

Corner of Court and Main Streets. 

SIDNEY S. LYON, 

Rogers^ Buildings, Fourth, near Main Street, South side. 

JOHN CRANCH, 

Rogers' Buildings, Fourth, near Main Street, South side. 

J. B. FLAGG, 

Broadway, Sast side, below Fourth Street. 



itlmiatur^ Painters. 
T. DAWSON, 

Third, near 'H^'alnut Street. 



T. V. PETICOLAS, 

Fourth, near Main Street, North side. 

J. O. GORMAN, 

Tine, between Third and Fourth Streets. 

THOS. CAMPBELL, 

Third, between Tine and \Talnut Streets, North side* 



If you would have the West prosper, encourage her Manufactures! 



BRUSH MANUFACTURERS & WIRE AGENTS. 



BUTCHER & M'LAUGHLIN, 

Siicce«i80t's to Oibsou and Butcher, 

Have on hand and are constantly manufacturing 



Of every description; 

3Xro. 104 JHain 0tr££t, artni:innatt. 

O- N. B. — AGENTS FOB WABB'S TVIBE TVOBKS. .CI 



Q^ Cash paid for Hog's Bristles. — Machine Brushes made to order. — 
Shoe and Stock Bristles. — Hair, Cloth, Shoe, Shaving, Scrub, Dust, Sweep* 
ing, White-v^ash and Paint Brushes. 



NATHAN SAMPSON, 

IMPORTIK; WHOLESAIE & RETAIL BIAIIR II 
JVO. 227 MAIN STREET, 

BETWEEN FIFTH AND SIXTH STREETS, 



O" liamps. Castors, Tea-Tray8, KuiTes, Forks, &c. &c. .O 



JAMES RILEY, 

^ttornci) ana iJlounscllor at Catu, 

9IAIN, IVFAB NINTH STBEET, CINCINNATI. 



JAMES JOHRfSTON, 



lEj) 



DEALER IN 

HIDES, OIL, AND LEATHER, 

No. 49, Main Street, 

(SEsr(snsrsrii,Hno 

HUTSON E. HUGHES, 
HOUSE CARPENTER AND JOINER, 

LONGWORTH ST., between Pliun and Western Row. 

Sawing of all kinds of Venitian Blind Slats, 

AND FLOOR BOARDS PLANED 

BY STEAM POWER. 



€n%xamxB a\xb Map pnb[w\)txB. 



(E>Xftx i\]t |)o0t ©ffice, 

Tliird Street) 



JACOB LAPP, 
PLUMBER AND HYDRANT MAKER, 

2i:i)ti:ii Qtxttt, 

SOUTH SIDE, BETWEEN MAIN AND SYCAMORE, 

Manufactures and keeps constantly for sale, TVater Closets, 
Baths, Chemical Apparatus, Pumps and I^ead Pipes, of various 
calibre, which mHI be furnished at the shortest notice. 



»#<^*^^^^^^V^^^^^^•^^f;^v^^^V^^^^^v<^« 



H. JLyon. Jos. Bell, Jr. 

LYON & BEZiIi, 

jTront an& iHolumbia 0trtet0, 

BETWEEI LUDLOW AID LAWREICE, 

«Z3 jar r^aj «ai3 ^ac T«aj rw^r _i3a_ rsc 3sk: 9 

Manufacture Steam Engines for Saw Mills and Steam Boats.-* 
All kinds of 1^'rought and Cast Iron "Work for Steam Boats.— 
Bells and Brass IVork of every description. 



i)v^\^N^^^s^#^;N»sr#> . 



MAIUEACTURER OF 

BETTVEEN MAIN AND WAIiNUT, 

C I fSl C I N N A T I . 



A select assortment of Fancy and Dress Boots and Shoes on hand. 



UJ* Orders £rom a distance punctually attended to. 4J} 



J. & J. M. JOHNSTON, 

tUdnut Qtxnt, bdmmx Jiront anir Sttonir, tDtst sik, 

MAIUMCTURI AH HEP COUSTASTLY POR SALEj 

Every description of 

CARPENTER ANJy JOB WORK 

ICT' Executed on the shortest notice. .c£:j| 



Also, for sale, a. general assortment of HiUMBXIR. 



W. S. CHAPMAN, JR.. 

AND 

GENTLEMEN'S FURNISHING ESTABLISHMENT, 



f3°Ijadies' Mnbits and Children's Clothes made in the latest 
fashion and best manner. 



JOSEPH JONAS, 

mm i iffi^^iiE mmi^jf 

NO. § WEST THIRD STREET, 



^3= Solvent Bank notes, Crold and Silver, and Exchange on IVew 
Vork, Piiiladclphia and SaKimore, bought and sold at the mosC 
favorable market rates. 



H E N Rl E HOUSE 



■CP 532 22 IS2. SS) 33 "C? IS2. Zm IS '^:^q 

Bttfficen ilTain anb Sjicatnort, 

CINCINNATI. 



FRANKLIN HOUSE, 



pitman ^§it^^ «*«'!' ^''»*'tf< 
CINCINNATI. 



TERMS FOB TnA:!fSIEXT BOARDERS. 

Single day, $1,50 ; two or more days, $1,35 per day ; 
week, $8 ; month, $38. 



MAIUFAGTURER OF 
CHEMICALS, PAINTS, fifco. 

JHB^ «:» TBBUr JBR- rM?" jbe3b: 9 

BETWEEN SMITH AND PARK STREETS, 

(DimoimmATio 

pj" Office Fourth, between main and Walnut Streets. 4Ji 



CAST STEEL AXES, 

. W. W I ILi Ed I A M S 

Successor to JT. TVilliams, 

MX a n xi f a t t u X t X , 

XTO. 283, JUL A 1 N , 

BETWIEI SIXTH AID SEYEITH STREETSj 
CINCINNATI. 



Also— Edge Tools, of every description, made and sold Wholesale 
and Retail, aud "Warrauted. 



'^W^^^^^(i]^!^'c^^S^\^^^^W<) 



PATENT LEVER 

LOCH FACTORY 



CINCINNATI. 



Dwelling House Locks of every description ; Store, Bank, and 
Prison Locks made to order and warranted safe. 



N. B. Bells hung and Locks repaired. 



« v» « 



PORK PACKERS, 

PRODUCE DEALERS & GENERAL 

©asr©isrirAM* 



^ 1 



FiiKi fkmim Ik Piiwijiijii iiA\iLii, 



BETWEEN SYCAMORE AND BROADWAY, 



CINCINNATI. 



'■^^'-^■l^ 



EVAN TODHUNTER, 

FjflLCTORV Oir DEER CREEK, 

NORTH EAST OF COURT HOUSE, 



mk$$ im mil mmmm. 



JLEVI PARKER. 



ARTHUR MANKS. 



PARKER AND HANKS, 

NORTH SIDE OF SECOND, 

BET'WEEIT IiA'WZlIIM'CX: & IiXTDI.O'W STREETS, 
mannfactnre and have for sale every description of 

^ & & & ^ 



i^ ^m W^ 9 

OP THE BEST MATERIALS AID tORIMAISHIP. 

(jjr* Brass Castings of every description made to order on the 
shortest notice. J^ 




3. Si. M®siLiii(a[[i, 

NO. 21 WEST FOURTH STREET, 

SOUTH SIDE, BETWEEN MAIN AND WALNUT STREETS, 
Manufactures and keeps constantly for sale a variety of splendid 

CABINET FURNITURE, 

Warranted superior workmanship and materials. ,^ji 



FAINT & CHEMICAL 




No. 22 jTourtl) Street, 

BETWEEN MAIN & SYCAMORE, 



.^31^ ntac 308" 



From New York, formerly of the firm of D. F. Tiema^jx & Co., Color 
manufacturers, having opened the above establishment, will keep a constant 
supply, at wholesale and retail, of 



Prussian Sine, 
Antwerp Bine, 
Celestial Blue, 
Pctvdered Blue, 
Chrome Crrecn, IVo> 1, 
Vcrditcr Oreen, 
Brunswick Orcen, 
mineral Orcen, 
£lnicrald Oreen, 
I?Iarinc Orcen, 
American Vermillion, 
Rose Pink, 
I>utch Pink, 
Chrome Yellow, 
Chinese Yellow, 
Eiakes, 
Carmines, 

Chrome Oreen, ^o. 1, in oil, in 1, 
3 and 5 lb. canisters. 



Chrome Oreen, X, in 2 and 5 lb. 

canisters, 
Brunswick Oreen, in oil, in 10 

lb. kegs, 
Permanent Oreeu, in oil, in 14 

lb. kegs. 

SLIP COI.OKS, Tia:. 
Blue, No. 1 and 3, 
Rose Pink, 
Dutch Pink, 
Chrome Yellow, 
Chinese Yellow, 
Chrome Oreen, 
Verditer Oreen, 
Bruns^vick Oreen, 
liake. 



icr Artist's Colors, Oils, Tarnishes, Brushes, Chemicals, French 
and German Cologne Water, &c, 



TYPE AND STEREOTYPE FOUNDERY. 



No. 1 iSakcr 0trect, 

(^ a E2r c^ £2 ssr S2r ^si. 'cp iSq 

Keeps on hand all articlea used in a Printing OfBce, including 

PRINTING INKS 

Of ail colors and qualities, at wholesale and retail ; 

PiiriBIT iiA\IL P'iiifii, 

For Notaries and Clerks, the best article for seals in use. 



STEREOTYPING 

Of Books, Pamphlets, Cards, Checks, Blanks, Notes, Cuts, Xylographic work, 

Druggists^ Labels, Patent Medicine Directions, and Jobs 

of all kinds, in a superior style. 






^ 



iiiijiiifiBi fmi,j urn mm mmm\ 

jJnsurancc Compauji, 

At liCxington, Ky. 

ETNA FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, 

At Hartford, Ct., agency at 

aao.>i2 SSast jFront .street, 

XatVv. Sa^N^leY, Agt. 



COTTON GINS AND PLANTATION 



^^ tB^mti« 



On t\\e, M-iaioil Canal, 

EAST OF FIFTH STREET, 

CINCINNATI. 

tcr Soulhern Planters, visiting the city, are invited to call at the 
Factory. 



'^,^,/^\ff\&\ff/h(f^^f^^* 



%m\f hM% i®rf ii i^o)iijij8«ii'r. 



J. & H. FEARCE, 



ON THE MIAMI CANAL, 

asst of iFiftJt Stfeet, 

CINCINNATI. 



13" Contracts executed for the supply of the Tarious machinery 
employed in Hemp, Bagging and Cotton Factories. 



(S ® T I BM Yk i 
J . & H. P E A R C E , 

MANUFACTURERS, 

€>n tl)e JBtami Canal, 

EAST OF FIFTH STREET, 

FAMILY GROCERIES. 



BETWEEN MAIN AND WALNUT STREETS, 

CINCINNATI, 

Keeps constantly on hand a supply of fresh and first quality 
At the lo-west Cash prices* 

CORN MEAL AND PEED. 



iHauttfajctttrer of 
CORN MEAL AND CHOPPED FEED, 

AT THE MIAMI CAIVAl., 

EAST OF FIFTH STREET, 
CIIVCINXATI. 



RESOR'S FOUNDERY. 



W. & R. P. R E S R, 

No. 25 & 27 Main Street, 
CINCINNATI, 



OF RESOR'S IMPROVED PREMIUM 

And every description of 
STOVES &aaATi:SFOR'WOOD&COJI.I<. 

iiLLiW WA\BJi, 

And Castings of every description. 



>«(1^>*"^^'< 



ITO. 25 & 27 ItllLIN STBEET, 

DEALERS IN TINPLATE, COPPER, 

AND OTHER METALS. 

Tiii-uian'8 Tools, JUachines, and a complete assortment of 
Trimmings. 



A CARD TO THE PUBLIC 




One and a half miles from Cincinnati on the Harrison turnpike. 



The proprietor, thankful for the liberal encouragement which has been 
extended to him, adopts this method respectfully to ask for a continuance 
of the same, and to inform the public that large additions have been made 
to his stock of trees, plants, &c. ; he thinks it will be found on personal in- 
spection to be at least equal in quality and quantity to any establishment 
in this vicinity, and he very respectfully invites purchasers and all admirers 
of such things, to visit the same. The proprietor will always be found at 
home in the after part of the day, when he will with great cheerfulness 
wait on visitors and introduce them to his companions ; of which he ex- 
pects to have a fine display in the proper season, in their best and gayest 
dress, to receive the smiles and approbation of their admirers, amongst which 
will be found the Hyacinths, Tulips, Crown Imperials, with many other 
hulbs, several varieties of the Pteonies, Pinks, Carnations and Dahlias, also 
a fine collection of choice Roses with a great variety of other flowering 
plants. 

In his selection of fruit trees will be found a choice collection of Apple, 
Pear, Peach, Plum, Cherry, Quince, &c.; also Gooseberries, Currants, 
Raspberries, Grapes, Strawberries, «&:c., and amongst his evergreen trees 
Red Cedar, White Cedar, Savin, Juniper, White or Weymouth Pine, 
American Silver Fir or Balm of Gilead, Hemlock Spruce, Norway Spruce, 
Black Spruce, American Yew, American Arbor Vita;, Chinese Arbor Vitae, 
Yellow Pine, &c. Amongst his ornamental shade trees will be found the 
Catalpa, Ailanthus or Tree of Heaven, Mountain Ash, Balsam Poplar, 
American Aspen, Yellow Poplar or Tulip Tree, Paper Mulberry, Weeping 
Willow, several varieties of Dogwood, &e., with a great variety of Vines 
and Creepers, &c., &c. 

The proprietor feels confident that articles purchased at his Nursery will 
give entire satisfaction, as he has spared neither expense or care in making 
his collection of stock. Orders for a distance packed with great care, and 
charges moderate ; all of which receive his personal attention. 

Orders left at the office of the Western Farmer and Gardener, No. 93 
west side of Main, below the Western Museum (where specimens may be 
seen,) at the Post Office in the city, or at the Nursery, will receive imme- 
diate attention by the proprietor. ' A. H. ERNST. 



HOME- MADE B READ. 

The subscriber has just commenceil the business of baking 
Family Bread, known as 

COLE'S HOME-MADE BREAD 

AT THE CORNER OF 

Jtftl) Street ^ iUcstcru Hotu. 

Warranted to be superior to any manufactured in the city of Cin- 
cinnati. The Baking business, in all its various branches, is car- 
ried on : families and hotels can be supplied at the shortest notice. 
Family Groceries also kept. 



AND SAS^E STA BLE, 

STEAVENS & COLE, 

Columbia (2Ir) Stmt, 
BETWEEN SYCAMORE & BROADWAY, 

Keep constantly for Sale and Hire, a handsome collection of 

HORSES, CARRIAGES, BAROUCHES, BUGGIES, &c. 

The former well broke to harness, and the latter elegant. 

(^ Every requisite for Funerals fumished at the shortest notice, jp) 



JONATHAN MULLEN, 

CORNER OF FOURTH AND SYCAMORE STS. 



«□ :mc Tms- «□ ibc i^bm r«hj jmL. r^ aac 9 
MANUFACTURES & HAS FOR SALE 

MffiLii mk^li, SILA\(^lli WALNJiT^ 



Also— Painted €hairs of the most modern fashions and Tarions 
colors, at Wholesale and Retail. 



N. B.—Hotels and Steamboats furnished on reasonable terms, and old Chairs 
repainted. 



.*w^^^^^v^<^^-^^gf)g^^-v/;^^^^.^^^.^^- 



JONES' PATENT REVERSE LAMPS 



WILLIAM M. JOHNSON 

has opened a Store for the sale of the above 

Il0g£r6' Eato, iTourtl) 0toet, 

WEST OT MAII; 
CINCINNATI. 



The economy, hrilUancy, safety and cleanliness of the light, far exceeds 

anything yet in xise. — The citizens of Cincinnati are invited to call 

and examine for themselves, as it is well worthy of their notice. 



IS* The light can be seen at the Henrie House, Franklin House, and many other 
hotels and stores in the city. 





AND 



HOUSES PAINTING. 



O. LOVELL & SON, 

SECOND, BETWEEN SYCAMORE AND BROADITAY, 

still continue to carry on the Sign and House Painting Business, 

and keep constantly on Iiand and for sale, Mixed Paints, 

Glass, &c., for family use. 



W. T. GREENLEAF, 

mi m^ m^ mmmmiME^j, 

105 main Street, 

«Z3 3C i:«kr «z: aac i^mt r«J -<3iL. rD«?' aac 9 «c» • 
"Where can be found a general assortment of Russia, Fur and 



Of the latest fashions, — also, 

GENTLEMEN & YOUTHS' 

CLOTH & FUR CAPS. 



13= Hats and Caps made to order at the shortest notice. 
13= Otter, Muskrat and Mink Skins dressed and colored in the 
beat manner. 



ENGRAVING AND PRINTING, 



Tiisiting, Professional and Mercantile Cards, Bank Checks, 
Notes and Bills of Exchange, Engraved & Printed. 



iJlain Strat, b^tujan ©Ijirb anta lonxil) Strata, 

Is prepared to execute orders for all kinds of EiTGRAViJra and Print- 
ing, at short notice and on reasonable terms. He particularly recommends 
to Druggists and others in want of beautiful Showbills and Labels, his 
XYLOGRAPHIC style, which may be be done in Fancy-Colors, Gold* 
Silver or Bronze. 



This paper is pnblished Daily at $8 per annum,— Tri-weekly at 
$5, and lYcekly at $iJ,50, payable in adrance. 

It is a continuation of the oldest democratic paper in the city, and will 
continue to advocate the cause of sound Whig politics, sound morals, and 
sound literature, — and has an extensive circulation throughout the United 
States. Particular attention is paid to the Commercial Department of the 
paper, and in its columns will be found daily an accurate bill of prices of 
western produce, imports and exports of the city — daily stage of water in 
the river — arrivals and departures of boats, &c. 



BOOK AND JOB PRINTING. 

Connected with the above, we have an extensive Printing Establish- 
ment, in which we are prepared to execute any kind of Printing at short 
notice, as Books, Pamphlets, Cards, Handbills, Steam-boat Bills, &c. &c. 

E. GRAHAM. 



PIANO FORTE MANUFACTORY. 



EAST SIDE BROADWAY, 
BBTVrEEIT SEVENTH «c EIGHTH STS. 

CINCINNATI. 



JOHN BRITTINC, 

nmB mmi mmmm,imm 



AN© OJLPORTER OF 



^ 



O/fo-itK. (©a6^b Cornel oE ^Uute ^ ^an^ctK ^b6, 

CINCINNATI. 



[All orders for tuning and repairing ivill be thankfully 
receired. 



JONES & RAMMELSBERG, 

Mannfatinxtvs of 



i/m?\.mmm.m 



of every description, 

18 EAST FOURTH STREET, 



SIDNEY S. JACKSON, 
Nursergman, jTlorbt antr QttHman, 

GMEIE TOWISHIP. HAMILTON COUSTI. OHIOi 

AND 

SAMUEL SILSBEE, 

Horticultural Warehouse Agent and 
Salesman, 

Would call the attention of Florists, Horticulturists, and the public gen- 
erally, to the fine collection of rare and beautiful greenhouse Plants, Or- 
namental Evergreens, Culinary, Medicinal, and hardy Herbaceous Plants, 
Trees, Vines and Shrubs. Fruit Tkees akd Vixes, including a large 
list of the most approved and finest varieties of Apple, Pear, Quince, Peach, 
Cherry, Plum, Currant, Gooseberry, &c.; Catawba, Isabella, Swiss or Cape, 
Madeira, and Missouri Black Grape; Keen & Hovey's Seedlings, Wyatt's 
Knevitt's, and Roseberry's Pine, Hudson's, Com. and Methuen's Scarlet 
monthly Strawberries. English Red Tobolsk, Common, Hybrid, Giant and 
Mammoth Rhubarb, or Pie-Plant. The most admired of Greenhouse and 
Hardy Roses, including above two hundred varieties of the Chinese, Ever- 
blooming, Musk and Tea-scented, Noisette, Climbing, Isle de Bourbon, Hy- 
brid, Macrophylla, Perpetual, and Garden. New and choice Bulbous and 
Tuberous Roots, among which are a large assortment of the finest Dahlias, 
most of them new varieties, and all profuse bloomers. A superior list of 
the most beautiful of the Tulips, Hyacinth, Narcissus, Crocus, Amaryllis, 
Tuberose, Gladiolus, Ranunculus, Lily, &c. Ornamental, Hardy, and 
Greenhouse Climbers. Lophospermum, Murandias, Basellas, Superb Blue 
and White, Sweet-scented, Purple and Virginian Clematis, Climbing Cobea, 
Irish Ivy, Bignonias, &c. 

It is unnecessary to specify further. The Plants have all been selected 
with reference to their excellence, rarity or beauty, and complete catalogues 
may be obtained by address or application to S. Siisbee, at the "Horticul- 
tural Warehouse," by whom also all orders will be carefully and promptly 
attended to. During spring and summer a complete assortment of Plants 
■will be kept at the Warehouse, and also an excellent and yearly increasing 
Catalogue of Jackson's Flower Seeds, constantly for sale wholesale or retail, 

Q^Trees, Shrubs, &c., carefully packed in moss, for transportation.^ID 



SCHOOL BOOK STORE 

PAPER WAREHOUSE, 







J. W. ELY. 

Publishes & has for sale at Wholesale and Re- 
tail, the most extensive and valuable collec- 
tion of SCHOOL BOOKS to be found in the 
western countiy, which he offers to his 
customers and to the public on his usual 
liberal terms. 

ooocioooooooo^lla^Qoooooooooooo 

BLANK-BOOKS of every description, 

WRITING, WRAPPING AND PRINTING 

PAPER, 

STATIONERY OF ALL KINDS, 
BINDING MATERIALS, SlO. &.C. 

Constantly on hand, and for sale as above. 



K B. RAGS WANTED, for which the highestl 
price, in Cash, will at all times be given. 



SHEPARD & STEARNS, 
0Urtotgpe fonnhtxB ani |3rmter0, 

THIRD STREET. 

Opposite tlie Post-Office, 



BEING SUPPLIED WITH A COMPLETE ASSORTMENT OF TYPE AND OTHBR 
MATERIALS, ARE PREPARED TO EXECUTE THE 



I3ook0, J)ampl)let0, !3llmanac0, X^lograijl)^ tDork, 
And Jobs of all kinds, 

In any manner that may be required, and with dispatch. 



THEY HAVING BEEN APPOINTED AGENTS FOB 

Wm. Hag-ar & Co.'s Type Foundry, New-Yorl^ 

Will always be supplied with the latest style of 

FANCY TYPE, PIiOWERS, CUTS, &>c., and will execute orders for 

any amount of Book and Newspaper TYPE, or other Apparatus for 
Printing, from the above well known establishment, on as favorable terms as 
they can be obtained in the Eastern Cities. 

Stereotype Blocks, Printers' Furniture, &c., furnished to order. 



illanufactunr of 
GENTLEMEN'S BOOTS AND SHOES, 

No. 219 MAIN STREET, BETWEEN FIFTH AND SIXTH, 



l^tL^^^<l I^ix^c^issia^i^sxsi 03ca>cs^a^o 



MECHANICS' INSTITUTE, June Srth, ISIO. 
The first Premium for Boots was awarded to Samuel liumsden 
by Samuel Martin, John Hudson, Jesse O'Niell, Henry Sanders, 
Henry M'Orew, Matthew Redman, Charles Thomas, Judges. 



^*^^<^<^<^^^^i^^^ •4^;;^(^)^>^;; v^s^\^\^^^^<n>vw. 



MAIfUMCTURER Of 
tOootr Sam anir StoclUir lail 

BEDSTEADS, 

NORTH WEST CORNER OF BROADWAY & EIGHTH STREETS, 
CINCINNATI, 

Would respectfully inform all those who wish to purchase a superior article of 
furniture in Bedsteads, to call at the wareroom of the subscriber, corner of 
Broadway and Eighth Streets, and examine for themselves. This newly invented 
Bedstead is warranted to be superior to any other ever offered in the West :— possess- 
ing the following decided advantages over all others heretofore in use :— they can be 
put up or taken apart in one fourth the time that is required to do the same with oth- 
ers, without the possibility of a mistalie ;— are more firm and less apt to become 
loose and worthless, and without a single harbor for vermin. As soon as their supe- 
riority over the common kind becomes known and duly appreciated, they must of 
necefisity take the place of those now in use. 



J. FIIALKOWSKI, 

From TVarsaTT, Poland, 

BRASS FOUNDER 



FUMHsmmi 



Broadway, between Fourth and Fifth streets, 
CINCINNATI. 



KT TAICY WORI II BRASS 01 EVERY lESCRIPTIOI , «a 

NO. 151 MAIIV, 

Between Third and Fourth streets, 



Looking-glasses of every variety of pattern, at Wholesale and Retail, at 
the lowest eastern prices. Portrait and Picture Frames made to order. Old 
Frames re-gilt, Plates set, and Looking-glass Plates of all sizes for sale. 



'^^9<^^9o-> 



GEORGE W. PHILLIPS, 

TANNER AND CURRIER, 

^nd Wholesale dealer in 

HIEBIli, ©EIL AMID) ILHATHIi]!, 

NO. SO, ITIAIN STRXIET, 



SIGN PAINTING. 

toalnut Street, hdmm all}irlr $^ Jourtlj 0tnet0, 
OPPOSITE BAKER STREET, 

All kinds of Sign and Ornamental Painting, Military Standards, 
Badges, '&c» 



WAREEN EICHARDS, 

MANUFACTURER OF 

BETWEEN fOURTH AND FIFTH, AND ELM AND PLUM STREETS, 



ley's tamps and Brands ent to order..£]| 



FLORIST AND EXOTIC CULTIVATOR, 

dorntr of |31utn and Qtvmtl) Qixnts, 

Keeps on hand for sale on the most reasonable terms, an extensive 
assortment of Flowers, Plants, Fruit and Shade Trees and Shrubbery. 
Cut flowers at all seasons. Orders from a distance promptly attended to, and 
trees, &c., carefully packed. 



t^^iE W4iii^®iii, 



The subscriber keeps constantly on hand at his vvarehouse, No. 221, Main street. 
Letween Fifth and Sixth streets, a general assortment of paper, viz. — 

Double-medium, Imperial, Super-royal, and Medium, Printiug. 

Yellow, blue, green and pink, printing. 

Flat Medium, \vhite and assorted colors, for steam-boat bills. 

Foolscap, Nos. 1, 2 &; 3, — ruled and plain. 

Letter, No. 1 and extra fine. 

Map, Drawing, Lithographic, and Copperplate paper. 

Hardware and Cotton-yarn Wrapping paper. 

Common Wrapping, various sizes— Bonnet Boards. 
— ALSO— 

Banknote and Tissue paper made to order. 
Paper of any required quality and size made to order, at short notice. 

JAMES GRAHAM, 
Cincinnati, March J, 184L No. 221, Main street. 



BLACK INK, PATENT MEDICINES, &C. 

The subscriber is manufacturing and has constantly for sale, at the very lowest pri- 
ces for cash, or approved credit — Nerve and Bone Liniment, Superior Blue Writing 
Fluid, Fine Black Ink, Lemon Syrup, Pepper Sauce, Soda and Seidlitz Powders, Bate- 
man's Drops, Godfrey's Cordial, British Oil, Haarlem Oil, Bear's Oil, Japan Shoe Var- 
nish, Lee's Pills, Essences, Opodeldocs, &;c. 

Together with a general assortment of Drugs and Medicines, to which the attention 
of country merchants is invited. JAMES J. BUTLER, 

Cincinnati, March 1, 1841. 221, Main street. 



;:|j,@^^<^^>.4;^^^,,;^^>.^0^^ 



UNRIVALED PASTE BLACKING, 

Which has for ten years given satisfaction to consumers in this market, is manufac- 
tured at 221, Main street, and sold wholesale at low prices, according to quantity, in 
this and various western and southern cities. Orders to any extent supplied by 

JAMES J. BUTLER, 

Cincinnati, March 1, 1841. No. 221, Main street. 

IVORY BLACK manufactured and for sale as above, 

AGENTS FOR BLACKING. 

Louisville, Ky.-' Wilson, Pettet & Smith. 

St. Lotiis, Mo. — - H. L. Hoffman. 

Alton, III. Marsh, Hankinson, & Co. 

Memphis, Tevn. Dr. William Rives. 

JVaskville, Tenn. William W. Berry. 

Vicksb\irg, Miss, O. O. Woodman. 

JSTatchez, Miss. J. S. Wilson. 

J\rew Orleans, La. Arthur, Fulton, &. Co. 

Mobile, Ala. — -Oliver S. Beers. 



Ko. 300 iltain Street, 

Dealer iu 

HIDES, OIL, LEATHER, BARK, &C. 

Has on hand and for sale — 

2§,000 lbs. best quality city tanned Sole Leather. 
1,§00 dried Bides of superior quality. 

278 Calcutta Hides. 
li,000 Horns, with a general assortment in his line. 




liii, mmPs^ mm mmmi mi 

S\ii\) 0tnet, bettuem iHain atilr S^tamoxt 0tre^t0, 

(SI[lf(DIEMlf AM, 

Has on baud, and ivill furnish 

CHEMICAL APPARATUS, WATER CLOSETS, BATHS & PUMPS. 

(^ Orders from the country will be executed with neatness and 
despatch. J^) 



**#^<^^^>^,^^^^^^-^^||^^,^^^^^<^^y^^^^^?^VW* 



^<i(^c^i^ i:2^sic^ti(s>i2=^^ 



AND 



GENTLEMEN'S LINEN STORE. 



IE 



O it^ O cibV^ N^ d^^ c--^ cLS. l>:=i/ 5 

LEVASSOR'S ROW, CORNER LOWER MARKET AND BROADWAY. 

manufactures and keeps constantly for sale every article in 
this line. 



WESTERN PRINTING INK 




EAST SIDE OF THE CANAL, HEAD OF EIGHTH STREET, 



Messrs. Witham & Scharit respectfully announce that they 
have sufficiently completed the above establishment, to enable 
them to manufacture every description of Black Ink in quanti- 
ties sufficiently large to supply the market of the western and 
southern country, and at least thirty per cent, cheaper than an 
article of eastern manufacture, and of equal quality — thus at 
once obviating the expense, delay, disappointment and conse- 
quent loss to printers in not being able to procure a constant 
supply from the east. 

The craft are informed that this is no experiment, as one of 
the partners is a printer and has had a practical knowledge 
of the manufacturing of ink for the last eight years. 

PRICES. 

News Ink, per lb, % Fine Job Ink, per lb. 1,00 

Common Book Ink, per lb. ^7 1-2 Superfine Job Ink, per lb. 2,00 
Best Book Ink, per lb. 50 Superfine Card Ink, per lb. 2,§0 

Colors will shortly be manufactured at proportionable prices. 
Agencies will be granted to respectable houses throughout the 
south and Avest, to whom any quantity will be furnished at the 
shortest notice. 

JOHN T. WITHAM, 
AUGUSTUS W. SCHARIT. 



OliasniFS^AWll, 



This is to certify fliat we, the undersigners, have used News Ink manufactured by 
Messrs. Witham & Scharit, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and sold by them at twenty-five 
cents per pound. VVe pronounce the same to be good and suitable for all the purposes 
of newspaper work. We consider that the article we have used is a sufficient guaran- 
tee that Messrs. Witham & Scharit will be able to produce the various qualities of Ink, 
equal lo other manufactures, and at least thirty per cent, cheaper. 

WILLIAM OVER END, Morgan's Power Press Office. 

CAIiVIN W. STARBLTCK, Daily Times Office. 

JOHN WHETSTONE, Gazette Job Office. 

DAWSON & FISHER, Advertiser & Journal. 

WM. L. MENDENHALL, Star in the West. 



DAVID BOLLES, 

STONE CUTTER AND SCULPTOR, 

ALSO 

iiA\iirA\iiriiEi §fj 

HYDRAULIC CEMENT, 

SOUTH SIDE CANAL, BETWEEN MAIN AND WALNUT. 

CII<rCINNATI, OHIO. 



GEORGE WARREN, 
SSrfci^tuotife uvea ^imUviuQ. 



RESIDENCE SIXTH STREET, 

53a'S"WS53S3' ISA®:! ^^w> mmmif 

Next house East of the Associate Beformed Charch, 

CINCINNATI. 



BP^ Persons having business will please call from 7 to 8 in 
the morning, or from 12 to 1 o'clock, P. M, 



FURNITURE WAREROOMS, 

10 EAST FOURTH STREET, 

Has constantly on luind a large assortment of 

CHAIRS & SOFAS O F THE MOST F ASHIONABLE STYLE. 

Abo, a large and general assortment of Mahogany Veneers, Boards and 
Plank; Maple, Rose and Satin Wood Veneers ,- Curled Hair, Hair Cloth, 
Plush, Gimp, Hardware suitable for Cabinet Makers^ Looking Glass 
Plates of all sizes, <Sfc. ^c. 



WHOLESALE AID RETAIL 

PLANE MANUFACTORY, 



219 i«Bt j^Bl. 3b: i«j ^^ "31 



,53° Also — Squares, Bevels and Oanges. .CI 

PUMP, HYDRANT AND LEAD PIPE 

<Qim <uimm ATI', 

icr Ckfflical Apparatus, Lead Pipes, Water Closets. Batlis, &e. oOl 



STEAM BOAT AGENCY 



Aaron S. Bowcn. S. P. If ibbcrd. 



COMMISSION AND FORWARDING MERCHANTS, 

NO. 16 EAST FRONT STREET, 



BOAT ST ORES & GR OCERIES. 

No. 16 €a0t jTront Street, 

CINCINNATI. 



$nm iiA\f wiii. mm ijiieii,, m. 



LACKSMITHS, 

NORTH SIDE OF FRONT, 

BETWEEN LUDLOW STREET AND BROADWAY, 



©isr©iiiHA»a 



<» 



VENITIAN BLIND FACTORY. 



u ^ 



SOUTH SIDE FIFTH, 

Between Tine & Race Streets, 



^xtizx% from a tristance ijunctuallg attenXieti to. 

O-Old Blinda repaired. .O 






SAMUEL H.WARWICK, 

WEST SIDE OE RACE; 



WOOD TURNING. 



CORNER OF PIKE AND FIFTH STREETS, 



Tenitian Blind Slats always on hand, 

All kinds of Ejumber for turning constantly kept. 



S. MENKEN, 

(I70. 216 THILIN ST. CUTCIXTXTiiTI, OHIO, ) 

AGEIT FOR 
Of Birmingham and London, England, 



(Do FI1]1I1ID)A¥ (& (0®o 
SPIRIT-LAMP 8l CAMPHINE 

ISO. 2S7 MAIIV, 
BETWEEN FIFTH AND SIXTH STREETS, 

CINCINNATI. 



*#*^s^^^\^^y 






8ecoiad Street, 

BETWEEN SYCAMORE AND BROADWAY, 

(DMSHSriTAl'Eo 

O" An assortment always on hand. <C1 



PHILLIPS & HEATON, 



CINCINNATI. 



N.2^Si.9.^^6^;?>?^£ 



GROCER 

iiHiiijiiijiNi Piiii^iiT, 

Neff's Buildings, No. 39 ITIain Street, 

©mrsHirif All, omiOo 



'.-■■^^f. \/^\ff^iNNf^th»^^^**' 



T. H. PROCTER, 

KoYtli end ol WesteTn lElo^v, 



Sale Store at Procter & Gamble's Soap & Candle Factory, 
m Main Street. 



JAMES BISHOP, 



» 



THIRD STREET, 

Nii Wiif m THJE HJiiRilJl 
CINCINNATI. 



»***^^^^O^ff\^''/t^(^^^'-^^%\/^^^^^f^t^^*^**** 



DRAFER & TAILOR, 



c i«^ ais ran 3b 

CINCINNATI. 



****^^^JNf^ff\^^ "^^ ^>^\^\^\^####M 



Ik 



SAFETY-GUARD FOR STEAM-BOILERS. 



(BWffilElSr<©§ & ©' 
CINCINNATI. 



BELL AND BRASS FOUNDERY. 



EAST FRONT S T K E E T 






WM. F. HARRISON, 

CORSIROFTHIRDAIDMAIISTRIETS, 
CINCINNATI. 



NATHAN BAKSR^ 

THREE DOORS BELOW SECOND, 

CINCINNATI. 
H. S T A U F E R, 



wo. 70i MAIIV STREET, 



CITY CABINET WAREROOMS. 



CHURCHILL & ATKINS, 

No. 23 totst 4tl) Street, 
SOUTH SIDE, BETWEEN MAIN & WALNUT STREETS, 



And keep constantly on hand a variety of splendid 



w^^^^^^<V^^^■^^^g■^^-s^^^VV^^<^<^^^^^ 



^LL ^^^i^ Fi^gTiKY, 



GEORGE APPLE & CO 



^0, 9 ^'^Jt @iff§ ^t»^<<t, 



CINCINNATI 



2ln a00ortmtnt of fancg ^lapcr in all tta t)arijtte0. 



ICP Band-boxes constantly on hand.^c^ 



fgf^ \m j^ f ^/ ^ 

WRITING AND SHORT HAND 
CINCINNATI. 



TERMS. 

For an unlimited course, not exceeding three montlis, Stationery 

included $12,00. 

Day pupils per week, do $ 2,00. 

Evening class for gentlemen, do do $ 1,2§. 

Instruction at private residence, per lesson, .... $ ,§0. 

Full course in Stenography $10,00. 



.#*^^>^>^^^^r^^^r(^ 



B. STOKER. W. K.BOND 

STOKER & BOND, 

iiiiiilLlLiffif & A\raiNJl¥i A\f lkW,j 
SOUTH SIDE THIRD, 

BETWEEN MAIN AND WALNUT STREETS, 

CINCINNATI. 



■,K.ff\lNNNNNh^^^* 



J. S. LI GGE T, M. D. 

5i) SIS SSr "CP ££ ^ 'SP o 
North Side of Third, 

BcttDCcn toalmtt & bine 0t0. 



MILITARY STORE, & FRINGE MANUFACTORY. 



CHARLES LIBEAU, 

Manufactures and has constantly on hand, a full assortment of 
Also, all kinds of 

FRINGE, COACH LACE, TASSELS, 

and a full supply of 

CCon.ststinfl of JSlintis, SCassels, $i; (S:ortis of all colors. 
NO. 30 EAST THIRD ST. CIXTCIirirATI. 



'^^^'^^^^^S^^^i^'S^^s^N^N^^^^^^^^ 



iPjiUMMu iiriA\ii IMFF muM. 



JOSEPH & JAMES HOPPLE, 

SUCCESSORS TO CASPER HOPPLE, 

XSSTABIiZSHED XIT 1806, 



liOWER IflARKET ST. CIl^CINNATI, 

MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN 

In all their Varieties* 



WESTERN RAILING MANUFACTORY, 

NORTH SIDE FIFTH, BETWEEN ELM AND PLUM, 



WHITESMITHS, 

and manufacturers of 

Jktn $C ©rnamenUir HuBBxa ®rate U Iron Hailing, 

BANK DOORS, XiOCKS Sc VAUJLTS, 



Iron Window Shutters and Jail Doors, together with all kinds 
of ^f'ork in the building line. 



»#**.N^^<^A^,^^^"^^|•§§|^^-^^^^^«'^<^^^ 



mffm, liEiT ijBJiNj, %imi m\% 

TIN WARE 

»M!F|) I e s a le a n ti 2tlctail, 

ON THE NORTH SIDE OF LOWER MARKET, 

BETWEEN MAIN AND SYCAMORE STS. 

CINCINNATI. 



All articles in the above lines kept always on hand, and 
warranted to be made of the best materials, and will be disposed 
of on the most accommodating terms. JACOB HOPPLE. 



Also— Houses covered with Copper, Sheet Iron, Lead or Zinc, and 
warranted tight. 



JJASo M^OAIMBILIISS & 



MANUFACTURERS, 
5TH STREET, EAST OF BROADIVAY, 



'***^'^^^i^ff\ir^/7\^Mz'^f^^^^\^^^\^ 



Q'Qcamoxt, iljxtt boors abooe JourtI) Street, 

Manufactures and keeps constantly for sale, 

MATTRESSES, OF Al.Ii DESCRIPTIONS, FEATHER BE1>S, 

CARPETS, CURTAINS, AND THE USUAI. ARTICIiES 

BEIiONOINO TO THE RIJSINESS. 



0:;jr" Orders attended to at the shortest notice. Jpi) 



THOMAS BROOKS, 

And manufacturer of 

Packing-boxes^ Ice-chests^ Trunk and Segar 
Boxes, 8^c. 

Jfo. 56 iDalmtt, bettueen Seconlr $^ |)earl Streets, 

CINCINNATI. 



ii:s.^^^i:p i^^:i.c^'^::^<::^m.i^^ 



^0. 142 iHaiit, bdmmi Iami\) mxb I'M) Stmt?, 

Makes and keeps constantly for sale 



First quality and latest fashion, Wholesale & Retail. 

M. doTd¥wo>rth, 

NEAR THE CORNER OF liAlVRENCE STREET, 

Keeps constantly on hand 

YOUGHIOGANY, BROWNSVILLE AND WHEELING COAL,' 

Of the best quality. 

Q^ Steamboats supplied on the shortest notice. J^ 



PROPRIETOR OF THE 

NORTHERN ICE HOUSE, 

Is permanently located, both Office and Icehouse, 

AT THE N. E. CORNER OF TWELFTH STREET AND THE CANAl, 

And has always on hand a supply of ICE of the best 
quality. 



AND 

COMMISSION MERCHANTS. 



^. (W. hornet of q^afaut ^ (Wctei S^tteet6, 

CINCINNATI. 



J. Mahard Jr., one of the firm, is engaged raising at his Farm, a few miles from 
the city, the best breeds of Durham Cattle and Berkshire Hogs, which he will dis- 
pose of on accommodating terms. 



**^^<NV^^^^^^^s^-^^^■|^|^^^,^^^v^^^^^^(^#^^ 



FASHIONABLE CABINET WAREROOMS. 




Jfortl) lll£0t dorncr of ®l)tri> &: Sjjcamort Strate, 

Has constantly on hand, a large assortment of 



0^ Chairs and Sofas of the most fashionable style. ./^ 
aEORQE MEII.NE. JAMBS KEITK, Jr. 

I¥0. 61 WEST THIRD STREET, 



BettD^^n ®l)xrir ^ jTourtl) Street?, 

Is prepared to execute, in a style that cannot be surpassed at any establishment 
in the West, Circulars, Cards, Checks, Bills of Exchange, Notes, Bills of Lading, 
and every variety of Fancy or Plain Job Printing. 



Pamphlets and Books of any magnitude done in tlie neatest 
manner, on sliort notice. 



BOOH-BIMBER, 

fMm Bmii & mkwsL iiiii 

Wo. SOi Main Street, 



ANDKEW C. HEREON, 

SECOND STREET, 

BETWEEN SYCAMORE & BROADWAY, 



RESOR'SFOUNDERY. 



W. & R. P. R E S R, 

No, 25 & 27 Main Street, 
CINCINNATI, 



OF RESOR'S IMPROVED PREMIUM 

lit® it@^ii* 

And every description of 
STOVES &GZliLTSS FOR WOOD &COAZ1. 

HJilLlLiW WA\BJi, 

And Castings of every description. 



^(^ym^^^'^ 



ITO. 25 & 27 MAIIT STHEST, 

DEALERS IN TINPLATE, COPPER, 

Siieet Kton, 2l2^ire, Motlfe Sin, 21Leatr, Zinc, 

AND OTHER METALS. 

Tin-man's Tools, mEachines, and a complete assortment of 
Trimmings. 



U3 CE) C£:> 5^^ ^ i:m u^ 11^ im u^. © 

AND 

. piiiLijiHJEi if iiijiiEiiLA\iimi iiWi, 

3Sa. 26 fcarl Strat, 
CINCINNATI. 

13= A general assortment of School, Scientific, Religious and Miscellaneous Books 
»nd Stationery, always on hand and for sale. 

U. P. J. publishes, also,— 

PICKET'S SERIES OF SCHOOL BOOKS, 

Consisting of the 

Primer, 

Nc-w Juvenile Spelling Book, Class Book, No. 1 

Ne^v Juvenile Beader, •—- Class Book, No. 2 

Beader and Befiner, Class Book, No. 3 

Introduction to Expositor, Class Book, No. 4 

Principles of English Orauimar, Class Book, No. 5» 

^^^£2 Si isiL oa IT Si c^ ^ cs) 5:^ ^ <» 

GEO. GORDON «& SON, 

CORNER THIRD & RACE STREETS, 

■13 3h: r^sj «a^ DSC nxaj" z^kt .js^ rar> :m: 9 
Have opened an extensive 



S> E "^ A 



$ 



TYlicre Monuments and Tomb-stones will be engrared in either 
English or Crcrman. 

Mantels of every description, and table slabs, &c. for cabinet-ware, sup- 
plied. — His stock consists of Italian, Egyptian, Pennsylvania and Vermont 
marble. 

Orders from a distance punctually attended to. 



BELL AND BRASS 

WaVmvt-St.ljfct^eeTiTTOivt & Second, 
CINCINNATI. 



Bells and Brass Fossets of every description on hand ; Brass Bannister and Bar 
Railing for Sleam-boats and Taverns ; Ornamental Lamps, Bronzed and Gilt Foun- 
tain Cocks and Generator vi'ork, made and repaired ; Hose and Salt Well Joints ; 
Oil Globes, Cylinder and Gauge Cocks, Copper Rivets, Spelter Solder and Brass 
Castings of every kind. Cash paid for old Copper and Brass. 



CITIZENS' CABINET WAREROOMS. 

NO, 31 SECOND STREET. BETWEEN MAIN & SYCAMORE, 
hare constantlf on hand, a large assortment of the most fashionable 

wirmMii?wmii. 

Plain Furniture of every description warranted. 

steam Boats and Hotels, furnished on reasonable terms. 



SOAP AND CANDLE FACTORY. 



Sfo. 20 iHain, bettoem Jront $^ Srconb Btnet0, 

MAIUFAGTURES AID KEEPS COISTAITLY POR SALE. 

SCallora (Hanbles an& ©cap, 



^3" STEBINE CATVOIjES, manufactured from I^ard, rendered 
by Hydraulic pressure equally hard ^vith Sperm, and at half the 
price, warranted to stand any climate. 

f3=> Olli, made from liard, for liamps or Machinery. A cheap 
and excellent substitute for Sperm Oil. 



^^^^<^<^^^^A^(gi^^'^^s^^^^<^<^^^-^ 



J. "W. Baker. H. Von Phnl. 

LAMP & OIL STORE, 

No. 146 ilTain, Mmtzw Jourtl) U JiftI) 5t0. 

BAKER & VON PHUL, 

MANUFACTURERS AID DEALERS II 
Lamps, Chandeliers, Girandoles Sf Candelabras, 



ANI> 

Of every description. 



Best Sperm and Oil Candles, Lamp Shades, Glasses and Wicks, of all 
axes, constantly on hand, at wholesale and retail. 

33- liaiupfl repaired) bronseed, re-bronzed and lacquered. 



NUTZ & T IMPS ON, 

INSTRUMENT MAKERS, 

Third Street, 2 doors East of the Post Office, 

CIIVCIJVIVATI. 

PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS & APPARATUS. 



194 COLUMBIA OR SECOID STREET, 

BETWEEN BROADWAY AND LUDLOW STREETS, 



>,^^/f\ff\(^-(Nf^ff^t^*^**- 



GEORGE W. COFFIN & CO. 

No. 194 
COLUMBIA OR SECOJVD STREET, 

BETWEEN BROADWAY AND LUDLOW STREETS, 



i! 



CHURCH, ACADEMY, STEAM-BOAT AND TAVERN 

5:s 5::^ Oa i^ ^ 9 



HOSE, & SALT-WELL JOINTS. 

Brass Castings of any weis^Iit not exceeding 3000 lbs. cast on a 
day's notice. 

O* Old Brass and Copper taken in exchange. .O 



m. Mmm iiaMi^s mmm^ 



for sale at 



% 






DRUG & MEDICINE STORE, 

Corner of Main ^ Sx^tl) Qtxttis, 
CINCIN^lVATI. 

These celebrated instruments, for the speedy and permanent cure of Hernia or 
Rupture, can now be furnished at a lower charge than heretofore. — These Trusses 
have been recommended in strong terms by the most distinguished professors and 
surgeons in the Union, viz. doctors Horner, Jackson, Gibson, Bond, Morton, M'Clel- 
lan, Pattison, Pennock, Rush, Hartsliorne, "Warren, Ware, Hayward, Shattuck, Par- 
ker, Childs, Jeffries, Drake, Eberle, M'Dowell, Smith, Gross, Mason, Mussey, Wood- 
ward, Richards, &c. 



**^*^^^^i^\ffsffsff^ 



f^^'^./^sffsff^/Nha^tv^*** 



WILLIAMSON & STRONG, 



]VO. 140 MAIJr STREET, 

l-IRST BOOR ABOVE JOURTH^EAST SOI, 
CINCINNATI. 



•il 



O'WrUing, Printing and TVrapping Paper. cO 



H 



mm ^^ i^ i^p gp^ l^p "^p ^| 

WEST SIDE OF WALNUT STREET, 

NEARLY OPPOSITE THE PEARL STREET HOUSE, 



Manufacture and keep constantly for sale 

^^:^. o^ 02. q: ^^>u c^- IS 

of all descriptions, equal to any in the United States i 
"vrork, finish and materials. 



iring in all its branches on the shortest notice. 



^^Ordera 'promptly attended to.Jp^ 



iron ^ Brass 

FOUNDER & MACHINIST, 

Manufactures and keeps for sale, 

PLATFORM & COMMON SCALES, 

for floors and for counters, 

PATENT BALANCES, PRESCRIPTION SCALES, &c. 



CORNER OF ELM AND EIGHTH STS. 

©asr©aifif A^i^ 



53=" Castings made in Iron or Brass to any pattern. «Ci 



EAGL:e FOUNDEHY. 



Manufactures and offers for sale, 

wmmm 4 mmm mmmm 

of ebers "description 

Stoves, hollow ware, wagon boxes, butt and parliament hinges. — Hay, cot- 
ton, lard, tobacco and book-binders' screws cut and constantly on hand. 



CASTINGS MADE TO ANY REQUIRED PATTERN. 

O'Also, Bark mills of superior quality. <C1 



/ 



V/ A' 



Jasljionablc dorset, (Btniitmtris iStOick^, " 

an"0 



WALNUT STREET, FOUR DOORS BELOW FOURTH, 



WILLIAM SEE, 

JJ"©. 33 Main Stmt, 

BETWEEN FRONT AND SECOND STREETS, 

CINCINNATI. 



JOHN HIRSCHBIRG, 

AND ITIANUFACTURER OF 

Aiiiif A\ii iii?iriB>iiiLirfg 

Qmnts 0t«ct, btttoccn tDalnnt anit \)m, 

(DiEirsiiifirATiro 



Hl^AlI orders thankfullv rcceiTCd and pnnctiiallf attended to* 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Mj£|;[§?;?i*f .^^^ :',; 









009 760 712 6 



•Ki 






ktrMvvV.fi^ 



-, -.Ira 















